Down-regulating gene expression in insect plants

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the prevention and/or control of infestation by insect pest species. In particular, the invention relates to down-regulation of expression of target genes in insect pests using interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. Also described are transgenic plants that (i) express or are capable of expressing interfering RNAs of the invention and (ii) are resistant to infestation by insect pest species. Compositions containing the interfering RNAs of the invention are also provided.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/811,792, filed on Jul. 15, 2013, which is a National Stage Entry of PCT/EP11/68910, filed Oct. 27, 2011, and which further claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 371 from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/407,212, filed Oct. 27, 2010. The disclosures of the priority applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to genetic control of infestation by insect pest species, particularly prevention and/or control of pest infestation of plants. More specifically, the invention relates to down-regulation of expression of target genes in insect pest species by interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. Also provided are transgenic plants that (i) express or are capable of expressing interfering RNAs of the invention and (ii) are resistant to infestation by insect pest species. Compositions containing the interfering RNA molecules of the invention for use in topical application onto plants or into the environment surrounding plants are also described.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

There exists an abundance of insect pest species that can infect or infest a wide variety of environments and host organisms. Insect pests include a variety of species from the insect Orders Hemiptera (true bugs), Coleoptera (beetles), Siphonaptera (fleas), Dichyoptera (cockroaches and mantids), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Orthoptera (e.g. grasshoppers) and Diptera (true flies). Pest infestation can lead to significant damage. Insect pests that infest plant species are particularly problematic in agriculture as they can cause serious damage to crops and significantly reduce plant yields. A wide variety of different types of plant are susceptible to pest infestation including commercial crops such as rice, cotton, soybean, potato and corn.

Traditionally, infestation with insect pests has been prevented or controlled through the use of chemical pesticides. However, these chemicals are not always suitable for use in the treatment of crops as they can be toxic to other species and can cause significant environmental damage. Over more recent decades, researchers have developed more environmentally-friendly methods of controlling pest infestation. For example, microorganisms such as Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that naturally express proteins toxic to insect pests have been used. Scientists have also isolated the genes encoding these insecticidal proteins and used them to generate transgenic crops resistant to insect pests e.g. corn and cotton plants genetically engineered to produce proteins of the Cry family.

Although bacterial toxins have been highly successful in controlling certain types of pest, they are not effective against all pest species. Researchers have therefore looked for other more targeted approaches to pest control and in particular to RNA interference or ‘gene silencing’ as a means to control pests at the genetic level.

RNA interference or ‘RNAi’ is a process whereby the expression of genes in the context of a cell or whole organism is down-regulated in a sequence-specific manner. RNAi is now a well-established technique in the art for inhibiting or down-regulating gene expression in a wide variety of organisms including pest organisms such as fungi, nematodes and insects. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that down-regulation of target genes in insect pest species can be used as a means to control pest infestation.

WO2007/074405 describes methods of inhibiting expression of target genes in invertebrate pests including Colorado potato beetle. WO2005/110068 describes methods of inhibiting expression of target genes in invertebrate pests including in particular Western corn rootworm as a means to control insect infestation. Furthermore, WO2009/091864 describes compositions and methods for the suppression of target genes from insect pest species including pests from the Lygus genus.

Although the use of RNAi for down-regulating gene expression in pest species is known in the art, the success of this technique for use as a pest control measure depends on selection of the most appropriate target genes, namely those wherein loss of function results in significant disruption of an essential biological process and/or death of the organism. The present invention is thus directed towards the down-regulation of particular target genes in insect pests as a means to achieve more effective prevention and/or control of insect pest infestation, particularly of plants.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The current inventors sought to identify improved means for preventing and/or controlling insect pest infestation using genetic approaches. In particular, they investigated the use of RNAi to down-regulate genes in such a way as to impair the ability of the insect pest to survive, grow, colonize specific environments and/or infest host organisms and thus limit the damage caused by the pest.

It has now been found by the inventors that RNAi-mediated down-regulation of specific target genes singly or in combination within insect pest species can be used as an effective means to control pest infestation.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect ribosomal protein such as the ribosomal protein L19 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2746 Dm protein), the ribosomal protein L40 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2960 Dm protein) or the ribosomal protein S27A (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5271 Dm protein).

According to another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect proteasome subunit such as the Rpn6 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10149 Dm protein), the Pros 25 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5266 Dm protein), the Rpn2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11888 Dm protein), the proteasome beta 1 subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG8392 Dm protein) or the Pros beta 2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3329 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect β-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6223 Dm protein), the γ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the 1528 Dm protein), the β′-coatomer protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6699 Dm protein) or the ζ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3948 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect Tetraspanine 2 A protein which is a putative transmembrane domain protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11415 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect protein belonging to the actin family (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5409 Dm protein) such as Actin 5C (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG4027 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect ubiquitin-5E protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG32744 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect Sec23 protein which is a GTPase activator involved in intracellular protein transport (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG1250 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect crinkled protein which is an unconventional myosin which is involved in motor activity (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG7595 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect crooked neck protein which is involved in the regulation of nuclear alternative mRNA splicing (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3193 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect vacuolar H+-ATPase G-subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6213 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect Tbp-1; Tat-binding protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10370 Dm protein).

Therefore, in accordance with a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said insect pest, wherein the target gene

(i) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(ii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iv) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(v) is an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vi) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225.

In a particular aspect of the invention, interfering RNA molecules of the current invention comprise at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of nucleotides complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of the target gene.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect ribosomal protein such as the ribosomal protein L19 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2746 Dm protein), the ribosomal protein L40 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2960 Dm protein) or the ribosomal protein S27A (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5271 Dm protein).

According to another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect proteasome subunit such as the Rpn6 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10149 Dm protein), the Pros 25 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5266 Dm protein), the Rpn2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11888 Dm protein), the proteasome beta 1 subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG8392 Dm protein) or the Pros beta 2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3329 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect β-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6223 Dm protein), the γ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the 1528 Dm protein), the β′-coatomer protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6699 Dm protein) or the ζ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3948 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect Tetraspanine 2 A protein which is a putative transmembrane domain protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11415 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect protein belonging to the actin family (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5409 Dm protein) such as Actin 5C (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG4027 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect ubiquitin-5E protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG32744 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect Sec23 protein which is a GTPase activator involved in intracellular protein transport (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG1250 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect crinkled protein which is an unconventional myosin which is involved in motor activity (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG7595 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect crooked neck protein which is involved in the regulation of nuclear alternative mRNA splicing (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3193 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect vacuolar H+-ATPase G-subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6213 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an interfering RNA molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA molecule, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides, that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of a target gene that encodes an insect Tbp-1; Tat-binding protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10370 Dm protein).

In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of:

(i) a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or

(ii) a polynucleotide which consists of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or

(iii) a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, said polynucleotide is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or

(iv) a polynucleotide which comprises a fragment of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, and wherein said fragment or said complement has a nucleotide sequence that, when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120 or the complement thereof, or

(v) a polynucleotide which consists of a fragment of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, and wherein said fragment or said complement has a nucleotide sequence that, when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120 or the complement thereof, or

(vi) a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or

(vii) a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225,

and

wherein said polynucleotide is no longer than 10000, 9000, 8000, 7000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides.

In a particular aspect of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide is part of an interfering RNA molecule, typically part of the silencing element, comprising at least one double-stranded region comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of nucleotides complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of the target gene. More particularly, the isolated polynucleotide is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by a pest to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene within said pest.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect ribosomal protein such as the ribosomal protein L19 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2746 Dm protein), the ribosomal protein L40 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2960 Dm protein) or the ribosomal protein S27A (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5271 Dm protein).

According to another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect proteasome subunit such as the Rpn6 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10149 Dm protein), the Pros 25 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5266 Dm protein), the Rpn2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11888 Dm protein), the proteasome beta 1 subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG8392 Dm protein) or the Pros beta 2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3329 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect β-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6223 Dm protein), the γ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the 1528 Dm protein), the β′-coatomer protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6699 Dm protein) or the ζ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3948 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect Tetraspanine 2 A protein which is a putative transmembrane domain protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11415 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect protein belonging to the actin family (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5409 Dm protein) such as Actin 5C (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG4027 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect ubiquitin-5E protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG32744 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect Sec23 protein which is a GTPase activator involved in intracellular protein transport (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG1250 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect crinkled protein which is an unconventional myosin which is involved in motor activity (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG7595 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect crooked neck protein which is involved in the regulation of nuclear alternative mRNA splicing (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3193 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect vacuolar H+-ATPase G-subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6213 Dm protein).

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide that is cloned in a DNA construct in a sense and antisense orientation so that upon transcription of the sense and antisense polynucleotide a dsRNA molecule is formed, which functions upon uptake by an insect to inhibit or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that encodes an insect Tbp-1; Tat-binding protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10370 Dm protein).

In accordance with a third aspect of the invention there is provided a composition for preventing and/or controlling insect pest infestation comprising at least one interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) and at least one suitable carrier, excipient or diluent, wherein the interfering RNA functions upon uptake by the pest to down-regulate the expression of a target gene within said pest, wherein the target gene

(i) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(ii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or (iii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iv) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(v) is an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vi) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225.

In accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for down-regulating expression of a target gene in an insect pest species comprising contacting said insect pest species with an effective amount of at least one interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) or an effective amount of a composition comprising at least one interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) and at least one suitable carrier, excipient or diluent, wherein the interfering RNA functions upon uptake by the pest to down-regulate the expression of a target gene within said pest, and wherein the target gene

(i) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(ii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or (iii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iv) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(v) is an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vi) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225.

Preferably, the method of the invention finds practical application in the prevention and/or control of insect pest infestation, in particular, control of pest infestation of crop plants such as but not limited to rice, cotton, strawberries, seed crops such as alfalfa, soy, potato, tomato, canola, sunflower, sorghum, pearl millet, corn, eggplant, pepper and tobacco. In addition, the interfering RNA of the invention may be introduced into the plants to be protected by routine genetic engineering techniques.

Therefore, in accordance with a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for generating a transgenic plant resistant to infestation by an insect pest species comprising:

(a) transforming a plant cell with a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said insect pest species, wherein the target gene

(i) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(ii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iv) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(v) is an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vi) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225;

(b) regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell; and

(c) growing the transformed plant under conditions suitable for the expression of the interfering RNA from the recombinant DNA construct, said plant thus being resistant to said pest as compared with an untransformed plant.

In accordance with a sixth aspect of the invention, there is provided a transgenic plant, or reproductive or propagation material for a transgenic plant or a cultured transgenic plant cell, which expresses or is capable of expressing at least one interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate the expression of a target gene within said pest, wherein the target gene

(i) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(ii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(iv) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or

(v) is an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vi) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or

(vii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect ribosomal protein such as the ribosomal protein L19 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2746 Dm protein), the ribosomal protein L40 (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG2960 Dm protein) or the ribosomal protein S27A (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5271 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect proteasome subunit such as the Rpn6 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10149 Dm protein), the Pros 25 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5266 Dm protein), the Rpn2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11888 Dm protein), the proteasome beta 1 subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG8392 Dm protein) or the Pros beta 2 protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3329 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect β-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6223 Dm protein), the γ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the 1528 Dm protein), the β′-coatomer protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6699 Dm protein) or the ζ-coatomer of the COPI vesicle (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3948 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect Tetraspanine 2 A protein which is a putative transmembrane domain protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG11415 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect protein belonging to the actin family (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG5409 Dm protein) such as Actin 5C (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG4027 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect ubiquitin-5E protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG32744 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect Sec23 protein which is a GTPase activator involved in intracellular protein transport (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG1250 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect crinkled protein which is an unconventional myosin which is involved in motor activity (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG7595 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect crooked neck protein which is involved in the regulation of nuclear alternative mRNA splicing (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG3193 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect vacuolar H+-ATPase G-subunit protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG6213 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

According to still another embodiment the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell comprising an interfering nucleic acid (RNA or double stranded RNA) that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to a part of at least 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of or all of a mRNA encoding an insect Tbp-1; Tat-binding protein (e.g. an insect orthologue of the CG10370 Dm protein), and wherein the interfering nucleic acid inhibits or interferes with the translation of said mRNA and wherein the plant or plant cell is resistant to the insect as compared with an untransformed plant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1 Polynucleotide sequences of target genes identified in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle, CPB).

Table 2 Amino acid sequences of target genes identified in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle, CPB).

Table 3 Polynucleotide sequences of target genes identified in Lygus hesperus.

Table 4 Amino acid sequences of target genes identified in Lygus hesperus.

Table 5 dsRNAs (sense strand represented by equivalent DNA sequence) corresponding to Leptinotarsa decemlineata target genes.

Table 6 dsRNAs (sense strand represented by equivalent DNA sequence) corresponding to Lygus hesperus target genes.

Table 7 Effects of dsRNAs derived from different target genes on time taken to kill 50% (LT₅₀) of CPB larvae expressed as ratios versus the effect of a dsRNA derived from reference target gene Ld248 (SEQ ID NO 40).

Table 8 Effects of dsRNAs derived from different target genes on time taken to kill 50% (LT₅₀) of CPB adults expressed as ratios versus the effect of a dsRNA derived from reference target gene Ld248 (SEQ ID NO 40).

Table 9 Effects of dsRNAs derived from different target genes on CPB egg production.

Abbreviations: EM, normal egg masses; SE, single eggs; YS, yellow smear; none, no eggs.

Table 10 Survival analyses of target dsRNAs versus GFP dsRNA in the presence of tRNA in a Lygus hesperus nymph feeding assay. Log-rank test used to test the differences between the survival curves of the target dsRNA (or diet only) and GFP dsRNA generated using Kaplan-Meier estimates.

Table 11 Ranking of different target genes according to potency.

Table 12 Comparison of survival curves of test targets at 0.1, 0.05, or 0.025 μg/μL with GFP dsRNA at 0.1 μg/μL. Statistics were performed on data graphically represented in FIG. 5. ***: P-value≤0.001; **: 0.001<P-value≤0.01; *: 0.01<P-value≤0.05; ns: not significant, P-value>0.05.

Table 13 Lygus targets for which full length cDNAs were cloned.

Table 14 Full length polynucleotide sequences of target genes identified in Lygus hesperus.

Table 15 Corresponding amino acid sequences to full length cDNAs of target genes identified in Lygus hesperus.

FIG. 1 Effects of dsRNAs derived from different target genes on survival and fitness of CPB adults. For each target gene investigated, 10 young adult beetles were individually fed target dsRNA-treated potato leaf discs (total of 10 μg dsRNA) for the first 24 hours and thereafter placed together on untreated potato foliage. The numbers of dead or moribund insects were assessed over a 14-day period. Data are presented as percentage mortality or moribundity. GFP dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 245) was used as a control. Ld105 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 39), Ld248 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 40), Ld516 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 29), Ld511 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 36), Ld512 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 37), Ld513 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 22), Ld520 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 24), Ld537 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 25), Ld563 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 38), Ld579 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO 30).

FIG. 2 Survival curves for Lygus hesperus nymphs exposed to 0.5 μg/μL target dsRNA in the presence of 5 μg/μL yeast tRNA in a feeding assay. (a) Targets: Lh520 (SEQ ID NO 143), Lh423 (SEQ ID NO 152), Lh537 (SEQ ID NO 144), (b) Targets: Lh504.2 (SEQ ID NO 142), Lh512 (SEQ ID NO 153), Lh334 (SEQ ID NO 145), (c) Targets: Lh300.1 (SEQ ID NO 151), Lh327 (SEQ ID NO 146), Lh332 (SEQ ID NO 148), (d) Targets: Lh237 (SEQ ID NO 149), Lh579 (SEQ ID NO 147), Lh261 (SEQ ID NO 150), Lh513 (SEQ ID NO 141). GFP dsRNA plus yeast tRNA at the same concentrations, respectively, and diet-only treatments were used as controls. Young nymphs were each exposed to 25 μL of 15% sucrose diet with or without incorporated test components for three days prior to transferring them on to 50 μL Biosery diet. Complex diet was refreshed on day 7. For all treatments, n=24.

FIG. 3 Survival curves for Lygus hesperus nymphs exposed to 0.5 μg/μL target dsRNA in the presence of 5 μg/μL yeast tRNA in a feeding assay, wherein the targets are grouped in A, B, C, D according to potency. Set-up described as in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 Survival curves over time of Lygus hesperus nymphs exposed to lowering concentrations (from 0.5 to 0.1 μg/μL) of novel target dsRNA in the presence of yeast transfer RNA (5 μg/μL) in feeding bioassays. Each treatment in a bioassay consisted of 24 one-day-old nymphs placed individually in every well of a 24-well plate. Each nymph was exposed to a parafilm sachet containing the ribonucleic acids in a solution of 15% sucrose for a duration of 3 days. On days 3 and 7, the diets were replaced with fresh rearing (Bioserv) diet. The following controls were included in the assays: GFP dsRNA and diet only.

FIG. 5 Survival curves over time of Lygus hesperus nymphs exposed to lowering concentrations (from 0.1 to 0.025 μg/μL) of novel target dsRNA in the presence of yeast transfer RNA (5 μg/μL) in feeding bioassays. Set-up described similarly as in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 Survival curves over time of Lygus hesperus nymphs exposed to 0.5 μg/μL of target dsRNA in the presence of yeast transfer RNA (5 μg/μL) in feeding bioassays. Target dsRNA tested: Lh105.2 (SEQ ID NO 254), Lh248.2 (SEQ ID NO 255), Lh248.3 (SEQ ID NO 256), Lh327 (SEQ ID NO 146) and Lh300 (SEQ ID NO 151). Set-up described similarly as in FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 Schematic representation of the plant expression vector harbouring the Lygus hesperus hpRNA cassette. RB: right border; LB: left border; P35S: Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter; T35S: Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S terminator; TNOS: nopaline synthase terminator; GFP: green fluorescent reporter gene; NPT II: coding sequence of neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; KmR: Kanamycin resistance gene; pBR322 ori: pBR322 origin of replication; pBR322 bom: pBR322 mobilization; pVS1 rep: pVS1 replicon; pVS1 sta: pVS1 stability element.

FIG. 8: Potato-Lygus in planta assay set up. White arrows indicate insect damage.

FIG. 9 Lygus feeding assays on transgenic potatoes, expressing Lh423 hairpin. Survival rate of Lygus nymphs feeding on transgenic potatoes carrying Lh423 hairpin (P006/XX) or a GUS hairpin (P001/XX). Wild type (WT) potatoes were also used as control.

FIG. 10 Lygus feeding assays on positive transgenic potatoes, expressing Lh423 hairpin. Survival rate of Lygus nymphs feeding on transgenic potatoes carrying Lh423 hairpin (P006/59, P006/29 and P006/22) or a GUS hairpin (P001/19, P001/28). Wild type (WT) potatoes were also used as control. Statistical analysis results, based on Graph Pad survival curve analysis: ***=P<0.001; *=0.01<P<0.05.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have discovered that down-regulating the expression of particular target genes in insect pest species by RNAi can be used to effectively prevent and/or control infestation by said insect pest. As used herein, the term “control” of pest infestation refers to any effect on a pest that serves to limit and/or reduce either the numbers of pest organisms and/or the damage caused by the pest. Preferred target genes are therefore essential genes that control or regulate one or more essential biological functions within the insect pest, for example, cell division, reproduction, energy metabolism, digestion, neurological function and the like. Down-regulation of these essential genes by RNAi techniques can lead to death of the insect, or otherwise significantly retard growth and development or impair the ability of the pest to colonize an environment or infest host organisms.

Thus, in a first aspect, the invention provides an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said insect pest.

As used herein, a “target gene” comprises any gene in the insect pest which one intends to down-regulate. In a preferred embodiment, the target gene is down-regulated so as to control pest infestation, for example by disrupting an essential biological process occurring in the pest, or by decreasing the pathogenicity of the pest. Preferred target genes therefore include but are not limited to those that play key roles in regulating feeding, survival, growth, development, reproduction, infestation and infectivity. According to one embodiment, the target gene is such that when its expression is down-regulated or inhibited, the insect pest is killed. According to another embodiment, the target gene is such that when its expression is down-regulated or inhibited, growth of the pest is prevented or retarded or stunted or delayed or impeded or pest reproduction is prevented. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the target gene is such that when its expression is down-regulated or inhibited, the damage caused by the pest and/or the ability of the pest to infect or infest environments, surfaces and/or plant or crop species is reduced; or the pest stops feeding from its natural food resources such as plants and plant products. The terms “infest” and “infect” or “infestation” and “infection” are generally used interchangeably throughout.

The target genes may be expressed in all or some of the cells of the insect pest. Furthermore, the target genes may only be expressed by the insect pest at a particular stage of its life-cycle, for example, the mature adult phase, immature nymph or larval phase or egg phase.

In specific embodiments, the present invention provides target genes which encode proteins involved in the function of a proteasome (subunit or regulatory particle), ribosomal protein, intracellular protein transport, COPI vesicle (coat protein complex), protein modification process, cytoskeleton, ATPase or GTPase activator activity (specified in Tables 7 and 8).

In preferred embodiments, the present invention provides target genes selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or which gene is an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40 or having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225; and wherein the nucleotide sequence of said gene is no longer than 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides.

As used herein, the term “sequence identity” is used to describe the sequence relationship between two or more nucleotide or amino acid sequences. The percentage of “sequence identity” between two sequences is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window (a defined number of positions), wherein the portion of the sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e. gaps) as compared to the reference sequence in order to achieve optimal alignment. The percentage sequence identity is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleotide base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of ‘matched’ positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the comparison window and multiplying the result by 100. For comparison of two optimally aligned sequences, the comparison window will be determined by the full length of the aligned regions. Methods and software for determining sequence identity are available in the art and include the Blast software and GAP analysis. For nucleic acids, the percent identity is calculated preferably by the BlastN alignment tool whereby the percent identity is calculated over the entire length of the query nucleotide sequence.

A person skilled in the art will recognise that homologues or orthologues (homologues existing in different species) of the target genes represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40 can be identified. These pest homologues and/or orthologues are also within the scope of the current invention. Preferred homologues and/or orthologues are genes similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the homologue and/or orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75%, preferably at least 80% or 85%, more preferably at least 90% or 95%, and most preferably at least about 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40 or the complement thereof.

Other homologues are genes which are alleles of a gene comprising a sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40. Further preferred homologues are genes comprising at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) compared to a gene comprising a sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40.

The ‘interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA)’ of the current invention encompasses any type of RNA molecule capable of down-regulating or ‘silencing’ expression of a target gene, including but not limited to sense RNA, antisense RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and the like. Methods to assay for functional interfering RNA molecules are well known in the art and are disclosed elsewhere herein.

The interfering RNA molecules of the current invention effect sequence-specific down-regulation of expression of a target gene by binding to a target nucleotide sequence within the target gene. Binding occurs as a result of base pairing between complementary regions of the interfering RNA and the target nucleotide sequence. As used herein, the term ‘silencing element’ refers to the portion or region of the interfering RNA comprising or consisting of a sequence of nucleotides which is complementary, or at least partially complementary, to a target nucleotide sequence within the target gene, and which functions as the active portion of the interfering RNA to direct down-regulation of expression of said target gene. In one embodiment of the invention, the silencing element comprises or consists of a sequence of at least 17 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 18 or 19 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 21 contiguous nucleotides, even more preferably at least 22, 23, 24 or 25 contiguous nucleotides complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within the target gene.

As used herein, “expression of a target gene” refers to the transcription and accumulation of the RNA transcript encoded by a target gene and/or translation of the mRNA into protein. The term ‘down-regulate’ is intended to refer to any of the methods known in the art by which interfering RNA molecules reduce the level of primary RNA transcripts, mRNA or protein produced from a target gene. In certain embodiments, down-regulation refers to a situation whereby the level of RNA or protein produced from a gene is reduced by at least 10%, preferably by at least 33%, more preferably by at least 50%, yet more preferably by at least 80%. In particularly preferred embodiments, down-regulation refers to a reduction in the level of RNA or protein produced from a gene by at least 80%, preferably by at least 90%, more preferably by at least 95%, and most preferably by at least 99% within cells of the insect pest as compared with an appropriate control insect pest which has for example, not been exposed to an interfering RNA or has been exposed to a control interfering RNA molecule. Methods for detecting reductions in RNA or protein levels are well known in the art and include RNA solution hybridization, Northern hybridization, reverse transcription (e.g. quantitative RT-PCR analysis), microarray analysis, antibody binding, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. In another embodiment of the invention, down-regulation refers to a reduction in RNA or protein levels sufficient to result in a detectable change in a phenotype of the pest as compared with an appropriate pest control, for example, cell death, cessation of growth, or the like. Down-regulation can thus be measured by phenotypic analysis of the insect pest using techniques routine in the art.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the interfering RNA down-regulates gene expression by RNA interference or RNAi. RNAi is a process of sequence-specific gene regulation typically mediated by double-stranded RNA molecules such as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). siRNAs comprise a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand. The sense strand or ‘guide strand’ of the siRNA molecule comprises a sequence of nucleotides complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of the target gene. The sense strand of the siRNA is therefore able to anneal to the RNA transcript via Watson-Crick-type basepairing and target the RNA for degradation within a cellular complex known as the RNAi-induced silencing complex or RISC. Thus, in the context of preferred interfering RNA molecules of the current invention, the silencing element as referred to herein may be a double-stranded region comprising annealed complementary strands, at least one strand of which comprises or consists of a sequence of nucleotides which is complementary or at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a target gene. In one embodiment the double-stranded region has a length of at least 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200 base pairs.

Longer double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules comprising one or more functional double-stranded silencing elements as described elsewhere herein, and capable of RNAi-mediated gene silencing are also contemplated within the scope of the current invention. Such longer dsRNA molecules comprise at least 80, 200, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or 1100 base pairs. These dsRNA molecules may serve as precursors for the active siRNA molecules that direct the RNA transcript to the RISC complex for subsequent degradation. dsRNA molecules present in the environment surrounding an organism or the cells thereof may be taken up by the organism and processed by an enzyme called Dicer to yield siRNA molecules. Alternatively, the dsRNA may be produced in vivo i.e. transcribed from a polynucleotide or polynucleotides encoding the same present within a cell, for instance a bacterial cell or a plant cell, and subsequently processed by Dicer either within the host cell or preferably within the insect pest cells following uptake of the longer precursor dsRNA. The dsRNA may be formed from two separate (sense and antisense) RNA strands that anneal by virtue of complementary basepairing. Alternatively, the dsRNA may be a single strand that is capable of folding back on itself to form a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or stem-loop structure. In the case of a shRNA, the double-stranded region or ‘stem’ is formed from two regions or segments of the RNA that are essentially inverted repeats of one another and possess sufficient complementarity to allow the formation of a double-stranded region. One or more functional double-stranded silencing elements may be present in this ‘stem region’ of the molecule. The inverted repeat regions are typically separated by a region or segment of the RNA known as the ‘loop’ region. This region can comprise any nucleotide sequence conferring enough flexibility to allow self-pairing to occur between the flanking complementary regions of the RNA. In general, the loop region is substantially single-stranded and acts as a spacer element between the inverted repeats.

All the interfering RNA molecules of the invention effect sequence-specific down-regulation of expression of a target gene by binding to a target nucleotide sequence within the target gene. Binding occurs as a result of complementary base pairing between the silencing element of the interfering RNA and the target nucleotide sequence. In one embodiment of the current invention, the target nucleotide sequence comprises a sequence of nucleotides as represented by the RNA transcript of the target gene, or a fragment thereof wherein the fragment is preferably at least 17 nucleotides, more preferably at least 18, 19 or 20 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or 1100 nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment of the current invention, the target nucleotide sequence comprises a sequence of nucleotides equivalent to the RNA transcript encoded by any of the polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of (i) a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or (ii) a polynucleotide which consists of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof,

Or (iii) a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, said polynucleotide is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or (iv) a polynucleotide which comprises a fragment of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, and wherein said fragment or said complement has a nucleotide sequence that, when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120 or the complement thereof,

or (v) a polynucleotide which consists of a fragment of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, and wherein said fragment or said complement has a nucleotide sequence that, when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120 or the complement thereof, or (vi) a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or (vii) a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225. In a more preferred embodiment of the above, said polynucleotide is no longer than 10000, 9000, 8000, 7000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides.

Preferably, the interfering RNA molecules of the current invention comprise at least one double-stranded region, typically the silencing element of the interfering RNA, comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of nucleotides complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of the target gene.

The silencing element, or at least one strand thereof wherein the silencing element is double-stranded, may be fully complementary or partially complementary to the target nucleotide sequence of the target gene. As used herein, the term “fully complementary” means that all the bases of the nucleotide sequence of the silencing element are complementary to or ‘match’ the bases of the target nucleotide sequence. The term “at least partially complementary” means that there is less than a 100% match between the bases of the silencing element and the bases of the target nucleotide sequence. The skilled person will understand that the silencing element need only be at least partially complementary to the target nucleotide sequence in order to mediate down-regulation of expression of the target gene. It is known in the art that RNA sequences with insertions, deletions and mismatches relative to the target sequence can still be effective at RNAi. According to the current invention, it is preferred that the silencing element and the target nucleotide sequence of the target gene share at least 80% or 85% sequence identity, preferably at least 90% or 95% sequence identity, or more preferably at least 97% or 98% sequence identity and still more preferably at least 99% sequence identity. Alternatively, the silencing element may comprise 1, 2 or 3 mismatches as compared with the target nucleotide sequence over every length of 24 partially complementary nucleotides.

It will be appreciated by the person skilled in the art that the degree of complementarity shared between the silencing element and the target nucleotide sequence may vary depending on the target gene to be down-regulated or depending on the insect pest species in which gene expression is to be controlled.

In another embodiment of the current invention, the silencing element comprises a sequence of nucleotides that is the RNA equivalent of any of the polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or (ii) a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, said polynucleotide is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or (iii) a polynucleotide which comprises a fragment of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, and wherein said fragment or said complement has a nucleotide sequence that, when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120 or the complement thereof, wherein said polynucleotide is no longer than 10000, 9000, 8000, 7000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides. It will be appreciated that in such embodiments the silencing element may comprise or consist of a region of double-stranded RNA comprising annealed complementary strands, one strand of which, the sense strand, comprises a sequence of nucleotides at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a target gene.

The target nucleotide sequence may be selected from any suitable region or nucleotide sequence of the target gene or RNA transcript thereof. For example, the target nucleotide sequence may be located within the 5′UTR or 3′UTR of the target gene or RNA transcript or within exonic or intronic regions of the gene.

The skilled person will be aware of methods of identifying the most suitable target nucleotide sequences within the context of the full-length target gene. For example, multiple silencing elements targeting different regions of the target gene can be synthesised and tested. Alternatively, digestion of the RNA transcript with enzymes such as RNAse H can be used to determine sites on the RNA that are in a conformation susceptible to gene silencing. Target sites may also be identified using in silico approaches, for example, the use of computer algorithms designed to predict the efficacy of gene silencing based on targeting different sites within the full-length gene.

The interfering RNAs of the current invention may comprise one silencing element or multiple silencing elements, wherein each silencing element comprises or consists of a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a target gene and that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of said target gene. Concatemeric RNA constructs of this type are described in WO2006/046148 as incorporated herein by reference. In the context of the present invention, the term ‘multiple’ means at least two, at least three, at least four, etc and up to at least 10, 15, 20 or at least 30. In one embodiment, the interfering RNA comprises multiple copies of a single silencing element i.e. repeats of a silencing element that binds to a particular target nucleotide sequence within a specific target gene. In another embodiment, the silencing elements within the interfering RNA comprise or consist of different sequences of nucleotides complementary to different target nucleotide sequences. It should be clear that combinations of multiple copies of the same silencing element combined with silencing elements binding to different target nucleotide sequences are within the scope of the current invention.

The different target nucleotide sequences may originate from a single target gene in an insect pest species in order to achieve improved down-regulation of a specific target gene in an insect pest species. In this case, the silencing elements may be combined in the interfering RNA in the original order in which the target nucleotide sequences occur in the target gene, or the silencing elements may be scrambled and combined randomly in any rank order in the context of the interfering RNA as compared with the order of the target nucleotide sequences in the target gene.

Alternatively, the different target nucleotide sequences are representing a single target gene but originating from different insect pest species.

Alternatively, the different target nucleotide sequences may originate from different target genes. If the interfering RNA is for use in preventing and/or controlling pest infestation, it is preferred that the different target genes are chosen from the group of genes regulating essential biological functions of insect pest species, including but not limited to survival, growth, development, reproduction and pathogenicity. The target genes may regulate the same or different biological pathways or processes. In one embodiment, at least one of the silencing elements comprises or consists of a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a target gene wherein the target gene is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or (ii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or (iii) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or (iv) is an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or (v) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or (vi) is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225. Preferably, the nucleotide sequence of the target gene is no longer than 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the different genes targeted by the different silencing elements originate from the same insect pest species. This approach is designed to achieve enhanced attack against a single insect pest species. In particular, the different target genes may be expressed differentially in the different stages of the insect's life cycle, for example, the mature adult, immature larval and egg stages. The interfering RNA of the invention may thus be used to prevent and/or control insect pest infestation at more than one stage of the insect's life cycle.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the different genes targeted by the different silencing elements originate from different insect pest species. The interfering RNA of the invention can thus be used to prevent and/or control infestation by more than one insect pest species simultaneously.

The silencing elements may be arranged as one contiguous region of the interfering RNA or may be separated by the presence of linker sequences. The linker sequence may comprise a short random nucleotide sequence that is not complementary to any target nucleotide sequences or target genes. In one embodiment, the linker is a conditionally self-cleaving RNA sequence, preferably a pH-sensitive linker or a hydrophobic-sensitive linker. In one embodiment, the linker comprises a sequence of nucleotides equivalent to an intronic sequence. Linker sequences of the current invention may range in length from about 1 base pair to about 10,000 base pairs, provided that the linker does not impair the ability of the interfering RNA to down-regulate the expression of target gene(s).

In addition to the silencing element(s) and any linker sequences, the interfering RNA of the invention may comprise at least one additional polynucleotide sequence. In different embodiments of the invention, the additional sequence is chosen from (i) a sequence capable of protecting the interfering RNA against RNA processing, (ii) a sequence affecting the stability of the interfering RNA, (iii) a sequence allowing protein binding, for example to facilitate uptake of the interfering RNA by cells of the insect pest species, (iv) a sequence facilitating large-scale production of the interfering RNA, (v) a sequence which is an aptamer that binds to a receptor or to a molecule on the surface of the insect pest cells to facilitate uptake, or (v) a sequence that catalyses processing of the interfering RNA within the insect pest cells and thereby enhances the efficacy of the interfering RNA. Structures for enhancing the stability of RNA molecules are well known in the art and are described further in WO2006/046148 as incorporated herein by reference.

The length of the interfering RNA of the invention needs to be sufficient for uptake by the cells of an insect pest species and down-regulation of target genes within the pest as described elsewhere herein. However, the upper limit on length may be dependent on (i) the requirement for the interfering RNA to be taken up by cells of the pest and (ii) the requirement for the interfering RNA to be processed in the cells of the pest to mediate gene silencing via the RNAi pathway. The length may also be dictated by the method of production and the formulation for delivery of the interfering RNA to cells. Preferably, the interfering RNA of the current invention will be between 21 and 10,000 nucleotides in length, preferably between 50 and 5000 nucleotides or between 100 and 2500 nucleotides, more preferably between 80 and 2000 nucleotides in length.

The interfering RNA may contain DNA bases, non-natural bases or non-natural backbone linkages or modifications of the sugar-phosphate backbone, for example to enhance stability during storage or enhance resistance to degradation by nucleases. Furthermore, the interfering RNA may be produced chemically or enzymatically by one skilled in the art through manual or automated reactions.

Alternatively, the interfering RNA may be transcribed from a polynucleotide encoding the same. Thus, provided herein is an isolated polynucleotide encoding any of the interfering RNAs of the current invention.

Also provided herein is an isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of (i) a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or (ii) a polynucleotide which consists of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented by any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or (iii) a polynucleotide which comprises at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, said polynucleotide is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, or (iv) a polynucleotide which comprises a fragment of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, and wherein said fragment or said complement has a nucleotide sequence that, when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120 or the complement thereof, or (v) a polynucleotide which consists of a fragment of at least 21, preferably at least 22, 23 or 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleotide as represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or the complement thereof, and wherein said fragment or said complement has a nucleotide sequence that, when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120 or the complement thereof, or (vi) a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 198 to 201, 121, 122, 141, 154 to 157, 273, 123, 142, 158 to 161, 274, 124, 143, 162 to 165, 125 to 129, 144, 166 to 169, 130, 145, 170 to 173, 275, 131, 146, 174 to 177, 132, 133, 147, 178 to 181, 134, 148, 182 to 185, 135, 149, 186 to 189, 136, 150, 190 to 193, 276, 137, 151, 194 to 197, 139, 140, 153, 202 to 205, 278, 251, 254, 257 to 260, 279, 252, 255, 256, 261 to 268, 280, 1, 21, 41 to 44, 2, 22, 45 to 48, 3, 23, 49 to 52, 4, 24, 53 to 56, 5, 25, 57 to 60, 6, 26, 61 to 64, 7, 27, 65 to 68, 8, 28, 69 to 72, 9, 29, 73 to 76, 10, 30, 77 to 80, 11, 31, 81 to 84, 12, 32, 85 to 88, 13, 33, 89 to 92, 14, 34, 93 to 96, 15, 35, 97 to 100, 16, 36, 101 to 104, 17, 37, 105 to 108, 18, 38, 109 to 112, 19, 39, 113 to 116, 20, 40, 117 to 120, or (vii) a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence that, when the two amino acid sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 70% preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence represented in any of SEQ ID NOs 285, 242, 271, 226, 227, 281, 228, 282, 229, 230 to 233, 234, 283, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 284, 241, 243, 244, 286, 269, 270, 287, 288, 206 to 225, and wherein said polynucleotide is no longer than 10000, 9000, 8000, 7000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides.

In preferred embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide is part of an interfering RNA molecule, typically part of the silencing element, comprising at least one double-stranded region comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of nucleotides complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of the target gene. The sense strand of the dsRNA is therefore able to anneal to the RNA transcript and target the RNA for degradation within the RNAi-induced silencing complex or RISC.

The polynucleotides of the invention may be inserted via routine molecular cloning techniques into DNA constructs or vectors known in the art. Therefore, according to one embodiment, a DNA construct comprising any of the polynucleotides of the current invention is provided. Preferably, provided herein is a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding any of the interfering RNAs of the current invention. The DNA construct may be a recombinant DNA vector, for example a bacterial or yeast vector or plasmid. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the DNA construct is an expression construct and the polynucleotide is operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence capable of driving expression of the polynucleotide sequence. The term ‘regulatory sequence’ is to be taken in a broad context and is intended to refer to any nucleotide sequence capable of effecting expression of polynucleotides to which it is operably linked including but not limited to promoters, enhancers and other naturally-occurring or synthetic transcriptional activator elements. The regulatory sequence may be located at the 5′ or 3′ end of the polynucleotide sequence. The term ‘operably linked’ refers to a functional linkage between the regulatory sequence and the polynucleotide sequence such that the regulatory sequence drives expression of the polynucleotide. Operably linked elements may be contiguous or non-contiguous.

Preferably, the regulatory sequence is a promoter selected from the group comprising but not limited to constitutive promoters, inducible promoters, tissue-specific promoters and growth/developmental stage-specific promoters. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is placed under the control of a strong constitutive promoter such as any selected from the group comprising the CaMV35S promoter, doubled CaMV35S promoter, ubiquitin promoter, actin promoter, rubisco promoter, GOS2 promoter, Figwort mosaic virus 34S promoter. In another embodiment, the regulatory sequence is a plant promoter for use in regulating expression of the polynucleotide in plants. Plant promoters, in particular, tissue-specific plant promoters encompassed within the scope of the current invention are described in more detail elsewhere herein.

Optionally, one or more transcription termination sequences may be incorporated in the expression construct of the invention. The term ‘transcription termination sequence’ encompasses a control sequence at the end of a transcriptional unit, which signals termination of transcription, 3′ processing and poly-adenylation of a primary transcript. Additional regulatory sequences including but not limited to transcriptional or translational enhancers may be incorporated in the expression construct, for instance as with the double enhanced CaMV35S promoter.

The present invention also encompasses a method for generating any of the interfering RNAs of the invention comprising the steps of (i) contacting a polynucleotide encoding said interfering RNA or a DNA construct comprising the same with cell-free components; or (ii) introducing (e.g. by transformation, transfection or injection) a polynucleotide encoding said interfering RNA or a DNA construct comprising the same into a cell. Accordingly, also provided herein is a host cell comprising any of the interfering RNAs of the current invention, any of the polynucleotides of the current invention or a DNA construct comprising the same. The host cell may be a prokaryotic cell including but not limited to gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells, or an eukaryotic cell including but not limited to yeast cells or plant cells. Preferably, said host cell is a bacterial cell or a plant cell. The bacterial cell can be chosen from the group comprising, but not limited to, Gram positive and Gram negative cells comprising Escherichia spp. (e.g. E. coli), Bacillus spp. (e.g. B. thuringiensis), Rhizobium spp., Lactobacilllus spp., Lactococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Agrobacterium spp. The polynucleotide or DNA construct of the invention may exist or be maintained in the host cell as an extra-chromosomal element or may be stably incorporated into the genome of the host cell. Characteristics of particular interest in selecting a host cell for the purposes of the current invention include the ease with which the polynucleotide or DNA construct encoding the interfering RNA can be introduced into the host, the availability of compatible expression systems, the efficiency of expression, and the stability of the interfering RNA in the host.

The DNA construct of the invention may further include an origin of replication which is required for maintenance and/or replication in a specific cell type or host cell. One example is when an expression construct is required to be maintained in a bacterial cell as an extra-chromosomal or episomal genetic element (e.g. a plasmid or cosmid molecule) in a cell. Preferred origins of replication include but are not limited to fl-ori, pBR322 ori (pMB1) and colE1 ori.

The recombinant construct may optionally comprise a selectable marker gene. As used herein, the term ‘selectable marker gene’ includes any gene, which confers a phenotype on a cell in which it is expressed to facilitate the identification and/or selection of cells, which are transfected or transformed with an expression construct of the invention. Examples of suitable selectable markers include resistance genes against ampicillin (Ampr), tetracycline (Tcr), kanamycin (Kanr), phosphinothricin, and chloramphenicol (CAT). Other suitable marker genes provide a metabolic trait, for example manA. Visual marker genes may also be used and include for example beta-glucuronidase (GUS), luciferase and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).

In situations wherein the interfering RNA is expressed within a host cell and/or is used to prevent and/or control pest infestation of a host organism, it is preferred that the interfering RNA does not exhibit significant ‘off-target’ effects i.e. the interfering RNA does not affect expression of genes within the host. Preferably, the silencing element does not exhibit significant complementarity with nucleotide sequences other than the intended target nucleotide sequence of the target gene. In one embodiment of the invention, the silencing element shows less than 30%, more preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 10% and even more preferably less than 5% sequence identity with any gene of the host cell or organism. If genomic sequence data is available for the host organism, one can cross-check identity with the silencing element using standard bioinformatics tools. In one embodiment, there is no sequence identity between the silencing element and a gene from the host cell or host organism over a region of 17, more preferably over a region of 18 or 19 and most preferably over a region of 20 or 21 contiguous nucleotides.

Any of the interfering RNA molecules or DNA constructs encoding the interfering RNA molecule or host cells comprising the interfering RNA molecule as herein described may be used for the prevention and/or control of insect pest infestation. As such, the interfering RNAs or DNA constructs or host cells comprising the same may be referred to as pesticides or insecticides. Preferably, the interfering RNA molecules and/or DNA constructs or host cells of the present invention are used to treat plants as a means to prevent and/or control pest infestation thereof. In particular, the interfering RNA molecules and/or DNA constructs or host cells may be provided as a kit for the purposes of preventing and/or controlling pest infestation, preferably pest infestation of plants.

Furthermore, in accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided herein a composition for preventing and/or controlling insect pest infestation comprising at least one interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) and optionally at least one suitable carrier, excipient or diluent, wherein the interfering RNA functions upon uptake by the pest to down-regulate the expression of a target gene within said pest. The interfering RNA may be any of those as disclosed elsewhere herein. Preferably, the interfering RNA comprises or consists of at least one silencing element and said silencing element is a region of double-stranded RNA comprising annealed complementary strands, one strand of which (the sense strand) comprises a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a target gene. The ‘target gene’ may be any of the pest target genes as disclosed elsewhere herein including but not limited to genes involved in regulating pest survival, growth, development, reproduction and pathogenicity. Alternatively, the composition comprises at least one host cell comprising at least one interfering RNA molecule or DNA construct encoding the same and optionally at least one suitable carrier, excipient or diluent, wherein the interfering RNA functions upon uptake of the host cell by the insect pest to down-regulate the expression of a target gene within said pest.

In the practical application of the invention, the composition may be used for the prevention and/or control of any insect pest belonging to the Orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Dichyoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Siphonaptera. The composition may therefore be in any suitable form for application to insect pests or for application to substrates and/or organisms, in particular plants, susceptible to infestation by said insect pest. In one embodiment, the composition is for use in preventing and/or controlling pest infestation of plants or propagation or reproductive material of plants and is thus directed towards insect pest species that infest plants. The composition of the present invention is particularly effective when the insect pest belongs to the category of ‘chewing’ insects that cause considerable damage to plants by eating plant tissues such as roots, leaves, flowers, buds, twigs and the like. Examples from this large insect category include beetles and their larvae. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the insect pest is selected from the Leptinotarsa genus. More preferably, the target insect pest species is Leptinotarsa decemlineata.

The composition of the present invention is also effective against species of insects that pierce and/or suck the fluids from the cells and tissues of plants. Thus, in a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the insect pest is selected from the Lygus genus. Preferably, the target insect pest species is selected from the group comprising Lygus adspersus, Lygus alashanensis, Lygus borealis, Lygus elisus, Lygus gemellatus, Lygus hesperus, Lygus lineolaris or Lygus rugulipennis. More preferably, the target insect pest species is Lygus hesperus. The composition of the invention may be used to control insect pests at all stages of their life cycle, for example, the mature adult stage, the larval and egg stages.

In the context of the composition of the invention, the interfering RNA may be produced from a DNA construct, in particular an expression construct as described elsewhere herein, comprising a polynucleotide encoding the same. Furthermore, the interfering RNA may be produced inside a host cell or organism engineered to express said interfering RNA from a polynucleotide encoding the same. Suitable host organisms for use in the compositions of the current invention include but are not limited to microorganisms that are known to colonize the environment on and/or around plants or crops of interest i.e. plants or crops susceptible to infestation by insect pest species. Such microorganisms include but are not limited to those that occupy the phylloplane (the surface of plant leaves) and/or the rhizosphere (the soil surrounding plant roots). These microorganisms are selected so as to be capable of successfully competing with any wild-type organisms present in the plant environment. Suitable microorganisms for use as hosts include various species of bacteria, algae and fungi. It is clear that the chosen microorganisms must not be toxic to plants.

Host organisms that do not naturally colonize plants and/or their environment are also within the scope of the current invention. In one embodiment, the interfering RNA is fermented in a bacterial host, and the resulting dead bacteria are processed and used as an insecticidal spray in the same manner that Bacillus thuringiensis strains have been used as an insecticide for a spray application.

Wherein the composition of the invention is for use in preventing and/or controlling pest infestation of a plant, the composition can contain an agriculturally suitable carrier. Such a carrier may be any material that the plant to be treated can tolerate, which does not cause undue damage to the environment or other organisms therein and, which allows the interfering RNA to remain effective against the insect pest species. In particular, the compositions of the invention may be formulated for delivery to plants in accordance with routine agricultural practices used in the bioinsecticide industry. The composition may contain further components capable of performing other functions including but not limited to (i) enhancement or promotion of uptake of the interfering RNA by cells of the pest and (ii) stabilization of the active components of the composition. Specific examples of such further components contained in the composition comprising the interfering RNA, are yeast tRNA or yeast total RNA.

The compositions may be formulated for direct application or as a concentration of a primary composition that requires dilution prior to use. Alternatively, the composition may be supplied as kit comprising the interfering RNA or the host cell comprising or expressing the same in one container and the suitable diluent or carrier for the RNA or host cell in a separate container. In the practical application of the invention, the composition may be applied to a plant or any part of a plant at any stage of the plant's development. In one embodiment, the composition is applied to the aerial parts of a plant, for example during cultivation of plant crops in a field. In a further embodiment, the composition is applied to the seeds of a plant either while they are in storage or once they are planted in the soil. It is generally important to obtain good control of pests in the early stages of plant growth as this is the time when the plant can be most severely damaged by pest species.

The composition may be applied to the environment of an insect pest by various techniques including but not limited to spraying, atomizing, dusting, scattering, pouring, coating of seeds, seed treatment, introduction into the soil, and introduction into irrigation water. In the treatment of plants susceptible to pest infestation, the composition may be delivered to the plant or part of a plant before the appearance of the pest (for the purposes of prevention), or once signs of pest infestation begin to appear (for the purposes of pest control).

In a further embodiment of the invention, the composition is formulated so as to contain at least one further agronomical agent, for example a herbicide or an additional pesticide. As used herein, a ‘second pesticide’ or ‘additional pesticide’ refers to a pesticide other than the first or original interfering RNA molecule of the composition. Alternatively, the composition of the invention may be delivered in combination with at least one other agronomical agent, for a example a herbicide or a second pesticide. In one embodiment, the composition is provided in combination with a herbicide selected from any known in the art, for instance glyphosate, imidazolinone, sulphonylurea and bromoxynil. In a further embodiment, the composition is provided in combination with at least one additional pesticide. The additional pesticide may be selected from any pesticides known in the art and/or may comprise an interfering ribonucleic acid that functions upon uptake by a pest to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said pest species. In one embodiment, the target pest is an insect pest species and the interfering RNA is selected from any of the interfering RNAs as described herein. In a further embodiment, the additional pesticide comprises an interfering RNA that functions to down-regulate expression of a known gene in any target pest species, not limited to insect pests. The original interfering RNA molecule of the composition and the second or additional pesticide(s) may target the same insect pest species or may be intended to target different insect pest species. For example, the original interfering RNA and the second pesticide may target different species of insect pest or may target different families or classes of pest organisms, for example, fungi or nematodes or insects. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art how to test combinations of interfering RNA molecules and other agronomical agents for synergistic effects. In a preferred embodiment, the composition contains a first interfering RNA molecule described elsewhere herein and one or more additional pesticides, each toxic to the same insect pest, wherein the one or more additional pesticides are selected from a patatin, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus spaericus insecticidal protein, and a lignin, and wherein said Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein is selected from the group consisting of a Cry1Ab, a Cry1C, a Cry2Aa, a Cry3, a TIC851, a CryET70, a Cry22, a VIP, a TIC901, a TIC1201, a TIC407, a TIC417, a binary insecticidal protein selected from CryET33 and CryET34, CryET80 and CryET76, TIC100 and TIC101, and PS149B1, and insecticidal chimeras of any of the preceding insecticidal proteins.

The different components of the combinations described herein may be administered, for example to a host organism susceptible to infestation by pest, in any order. The components may be delivered simultaneously or sequentially to the area or organism to be treated.

According to a further aspect of the current invention, there is provided herein a method for down-regulating expression of a target gene in an insect pest species comprising contacting said pest with an effective amount of at least one interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA), wherein the interfering RNA functions upon uptake by the pest to down-regulate the expression of a target gene within said pest.

The target gene may be any of the pest genes as described elsewhere herein. In particular, the target gene may be selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof.

The target gene may also be an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40. Preferably the nucleotide sequence of said target gene is no longer than 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides.

The interfering RNA for use in the present method may be any of the interfering RNA molecules as described elsewhere herein. In one embodiment, the interfering RNA mediates down-regulation of gene expression by the process of RNA interference or RNAi, and the interfering RNA is selected from the group of regulatory RNA molecules capable of effecting RNAi or ‘gene silencing’ including but not limited to short interfering RNAs (siRNA), microRNAs (miRNA), double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) and hairpin RNAs (shRNA).

In preferred embodiments, the interfering RNA molecules for use in the present method comprise at least one silencing element wherein the silencing element is a region of double-stranded RNA comprising a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand wherein the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule comprises a sequence of nucleotides complementary to a sequence of nucleotides located within the RNA transcript of the target gene. The sense strand of the dsRNA is therefore able to anneal to the RNA transcript and target the RNA for degradation within the RNAi-induced silencing complex or RISC.

In the present method, the insect pest is treated with at least one interfering RNA. In one embodiment of the method, the insect pest species may be contacted with multiple interfering RNA molecules. Wherein the pest is contacted with multiple interfering RNAs, the different RNAs may function to down-regulate the same target gene or different target genes.

The interfering RNA to be delivered to the insect pest species may be formulated as a composition comprising at least one suitable carrier, excipient or diluent. Furthermore, the interfering RNA may be transcribed from a polynucleotide encoding the same or a DNA construct comprising said polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the interfering RNA is expressed inside a host cell or organism including a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host. The host cell or organism may be a host susceptible to infestation by an insect pest wherein the interfering RNA functions to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said pest. In a preferred embodiment, the host organism is a plant susceptible to infestation by the targeted insect pest species.

As used in the context of the present method, the term ‘contacting’ refers to any means by which the insect pest species or a cell thereof is exposed to the interfering RNA and which allows for uptake of the interfering RNA by cells of the pest. Thus, ‘contacting’ encompasses for example, the processes of cell transformation, microinjection and feeding. These techniques may be carried out in respect of isolated cells grown in vitro or cells within the intact body of the insect pest species. Wherein the intact insect pest is contacted with the interfering RNA of the method, the RNA may be microinjected into an extracellular space and subsequently taken up by cells of the body by natural processes such as endocytosis or transcytosis. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the interfering RNA is provided to the pest in the form of or included in foodstuff to be ingested by the pest. Once ingested, the interfering RNA may pass from the insect's digestive tract into the cells of the body by natural processes such as endocytosis or transcytosis. In one embodiment, the insect pest is exposed to a plant that has been treated with an interfering RNA or a composition comprising the same, and the interfering RNA is taken up as the pest feeds on the plant tissue. The interfering RNA may be present on the surface of a plant or a part thereof or may be present intracellularly in the plant or the plant tissue eaten by the insect pest.

In the context of a method for down-regulating expression of a target gene in an insect pest species, the phrase ‘effective amount’ should be taken to mean the quantity or concentration of interfering RNA required to down-regulate expression of the target gene by at least 10% or 20%, preferably by at least 33%, more preferably by at least 50%, yet more preferably by at least 80% or 90%. In particularly preferred embodiments, an ‘effective amount’ is the quantity or concentration required to down-regulate expression of the target gene by at least 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably by at least 90%, more preferably by at least 95%, and most preferably by at least 99% relative to expression in the absence of an interfering RNA or in the presence of a control RNA. As described elsewhere herein, down-regulation of gene expression can be measured by a reduction in the levels of either the RNA transcript or the protein ultimately produced from the target gene. Levels of RNA and/or protein can be measured using techniques routine in the art.

Also provided herein is a method for preventing and/or controlling pest infestation, comprising contacting an insect pest species with an effective amount of at least one interfering RNA wherein the RNA functions upon uptake by said pest to down-regulate expression of an essential pest target gene. The essential target gene may be any pest gene involved in the regulation of an essential biological process required by the pest to initiate or maintain infestation including but not limited to survival, growth, development, reproduction and pathogenicity. In particular, the target gene may be any of the pest genes as described elsewhere herein. Furthermore, there is provided herein a method for preventing and/or controlling insect pest infestation in a field of crop plants, said method comprising expressing in said plants an effective amount of an interfering RNA as described herein.

Wherein the method is for the control of pest infestation, the phrase ‘effective amount’ extends to the quantity or concentration of interfering RNA required to produce a phenotypic effect on the pest such that the numbers of pest organisms infesting a host organism are reduced and/or the amount of damage caused by the pest is reduced. In one embodiment, the phenotypic effect is death of the pest and the interfering RNA is used to achieve at least 20%, 30%, 40%, preferably at least 50%, 60%, 70%, more preferably at least 80% or 90% pest mortality as compared to control insect pests. In a further embodiment, the phenotypic effects include but are not limited to stunting of pest growth, cessation of feeding and reduced egg-laying. The total numbers of pest organisms infesting a host organism may thus be reduced by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, preferably at least 50%, 60%, 70%, more preferably at least 80% or 90% as compared with control pests. Alternatively, the damage caused by the insect pest may be reduced by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, preferably at least 50%, 60%, 70%, more preferably at least 80% or 90% as compared with control insect pests. Hence, the method of the invention can be used to achieve at least 20%, 30%, 40%, preferably at least 50%, 60%, 70%, more preferably at least 80% or 90% pest control. As used herein ‘control pests’ are pests not contacted with any pesticidal agent, or pests contacted with an interfering RNA targeting a non-essential gene i.e. a gene not required for the initiation or maintenance of pest infestation or pests contacted with an interfering RNA targeting a gene not found and/or not expressed in said pest.

Methods for down-regulating expression of a target gene in an insect pest species may be used to prevent and/or control pest infestation on a particular substrate or material susceptible to infestation by said insect pest. In one embodiment, the method is used to treat any plant susceptible to infestation by said pest. Plants of interest for use according to the methods of the current invention include but are not limited to rice, potato, cotton, tomato, canola, soy, sunflower, sorghum, pearl millet, corn, seed crops such as alfalfa, strawberries, eggplant, pepper and tobacco.

Furthermore, there is provided herein a method for increasing the yield of a plant crop comprising contacting said plants with an effective amount of an interfering RNA that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said pest, wherein down-regulation of the target gene affects an essential biological function of the pest required for initiation and/or maintenance of infestation, such that the damage caused to the plant crop is reduced as compared with untreated crops.

Plants or plant crops to be treated according to the methods of the current invention may be treated externally with an interfering RNA or composition comprising the same. For example, the interfering RNA or host cells comprising or expressing the same may be applied to the surface of the plant or to the plant's environment by processes including but not limited to spraying, atomizing, dusting, scattering, pouring, coating of seeds, seed treatment, introduction into the soil and introduction into irrigation water. In one embodiment, the plant to be treated is engineered to express the interfering RNA intracellularly via transcription from a polynucleotide incorporated therein. As the pest feeds on tissues of the plant, the cells containing the interfering RNA will be broken down inside the insect's digestive tract and the interfering RNA will thus be distributed within the insect's body resulting in down-regulation of target genes.

Thus, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention is provided a method for generating a transgenic plant resistant to infestation by an insect pest species comprising the steps of (a) transforming a plant cell with a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said insect pest species, (b) regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell; and (c) growing the transformed plant under conditions suitable for the expression of the interfering RNA from the recombinant DNA construct, said plant thus being resistant to said pest as compared with an untransformed plant.

The interfering RNA expressed by the plant or part thereof may be any of those as disclosed elsewhere herein. Preferably, the interfering RNA comprises or consists of at least one silencing element and said silencing element is a region of double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one strand of which (the sense strand) comprises a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a target gene. Wherein part of the interfering RNA is double-stranded, the two strands of the molecule may be expressed from at least two separate polynucleotides or may be encoded by a single polynucleotide encoding an interfering RNA with for example, a stem-loop structure as described elsewhere herein.

The interfering RNA expressed by the plant or part thereof may target any of the pest genes as described elsewhere herein. In particular, the target gene may be selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when the two sequences are optimally aligned and compared, is at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or having a nucleotide sequence that, when said gene comprising said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, or is selected from the group of genes having a nucleotide sequence comprising a fragment of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900 1000, 1100 or 1115 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, and wherein when said fragment is optimally aligned and compared with the corresponding fragment in any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, said nucleotide sequence of said fragment is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to said corresponding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof. The target gene may also be an insect pest orthologue of a gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising any of SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, or the complement thereof, wherein the two orthologous genes are similar in sequence to such a degree that when the two genes are optimally aligned and compared, the orthologue has a sequence that is at least 75% preferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any of the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs 277, 138, 253, 152, 121, 122, 141, 273, 123, 142, 274, 124, 143, 125 to 129, 144, 130, 145, 275, 131, 146, 132, 133, 147, 134, 148, 135, 149, 136, 150, 276, 137, 151, 139, 140, 153, 278, 251, 254, 279, 252, 255, 256, 280, 1, 21, 2, 22, 3, 23, 4, 24, 5, 25, 6, 26, 7, 27, 8, 28, 9, 29, 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 13, 33, 14, 34, 15, 35, 16, 36, 17, 37, 18, 38, 19, 39, 20 or 40, Preferably the nucleotide sequence of said target gene is no longer than 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000 or 1500 nucleotides. Furthermore, it is important that the interfering RNA does not disrupt expression of any genes of the plant host.

As used herein, the term ‘transgenic plant’ or ‘transgenic plant cell’ refers to any plant or plant cell that has been genetically engineered or is descended from a plant that has been genetically engineered so as to carry an exogenous polynucleotide sequence. ‘Exogenous’ refers to the fact that the polynucleotide originates from outside the plant cell. Typically, the exogenous polynucleotide is non-native to the transgenic plant i.e. it is not found naturally within the genome of the plant.

As used herein, the term ‘transformation’ refers to the introduction of exogenous polynucleotide molecules into a plant or a cell thereof. Techniques for introducing polynucleotides into plants are known in the art. In one embodiment of the current invention, the plants are ‘stably transformed’ with a polynucleotide or DNA construct comprising the same, i.e. the polynucleotide or DNA construct introduced into the plant cell integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof. Transformation protocols for introducing polynucleotides or DNA constructs into the cells of plants may vary depending on the type of plant concerned. Suitable transformation methods include but are not limited to microinjection, electroporation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and ballistic particle acceleration. Methods are also known in the art for the targeted insertion of a polynucleotide or DNA construct at a specific location in the plant genome using site-specific recombination systems.

The DNA construct comprising the polynucleotide encoding the active interfering RNA molecule may be any vector suitable for transformation of plant cells. Suitable vectors include but are not limited to bacterial plasmids, for example the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and viral vector systems. The DNA construct introduced into the cells of a plant must not be harmful or toxic to the plant and/or must not be harmful or toxic to any organisms higher up the food chain that feed on said plants.

In one embodiment, the DNA construct is an expression construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding an interfering RNA operably linked to a regulatory sequence capable of driving expression of the polynucleotide sequence in plants such as any selected from the group comprising the CaMV35S promoter, doubled CaMV35S promoter, ubiquitin promoter, actin promoter, rubisco promoter, GOS2 promoter, Figwort mosaic virus 34S promoter and the double enhanced CaMV35S promoter. Preferably, the regulatory sequence is a plant promoter selected from those known in the art. In some embodiments, it may be preferred that the plant produces interfering RNA molecules only in the parts of the plant which will come into contact with and/or are damaged by the insect pest species, for example, the aerial parts of the plant, the roots etc. This effect can be achieved through the use of tissue-specific plant promoters including but not limited to leaf-specific promoters, root-specific promoters, stem-specific promoters, flower-specific promoters and fruit-specific promoters known in the art. Suitable examples of a root specific promoter are PsMTA and the Class III Chitinase promoter. Examples of leaf- and stem-specific or photosynthetic tissue-specific promoters that are also photoactivated are promoters of two chlorophyll binding proteins (cab1 and cab2) from sugar beet, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), encoded by rbcS, A (gapA) and B (gapB) subunits of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, promoter of the Solanum tuberosum gene encoding the leaf and stem specific (ST-LS1) protein, stem-regulated, defense-inducible genes, such as JAS promoters, flower-specific promoters such as chalcone synthase promoter and fruit-specific promoters such as that of RJ39 from strawberry.

In other embodiments, it may be preferred that the plant produces interfering RNA molecules only at a particular stage of its growth. This effect can be achieved through the use of development-specific plant promoters that drive expression only during certain periods of plant development. In particular, it is important to protect plants from pest infestation during the early stages of plant growth or during flowering (for instance in case of rice) or during fructification or fruit maturation or seed-filling, as this is the time when the plant can be most severely damaged.

The DNA construct for use in transformation of a plant according to the present method may comprise more than one polynucleotide encoding an interfering RNA molecule of the current invention. In one embodiment, the different polynucleotides may encode interfering RNA molecules targeting different nucleotide sequences within the same target gene. In a further embodiment, the different polynucleotides may encode interfering RNA molecules targeting different nucleotide sequences within different target genes, wherein the different target genes originate from the same or different insect pest species. Wherein the DNA construct encodes more than one interfering RNA, these RNAs may be expressed differentially within different tissues of the plant by virtue of being under the control of different tissue-specific promoter sequences as described elsewhere herein. In one embodiment, the plant is engineered to express an interfering RNA in the leaves which down-regulates expression of a target gene in an insect that feeds on the leaves, and to additionally express an interfering RNA in the roots which down-regulates expression of a target gene in an insect that colonizes the soil and feeds on the plant roots.

The DNA construct may also comprise at least one other polynucleotide of interest, for example a polynucleotide encoding an additional regulatory RNA molecule, a polynucleotide encoding a protein toxic to insect pest species and/or a polynucleotide encoding a protein conferring herbicide resistance.

In accordance with the present method, a plant is regenerated from a transformed plant cell using techniques known in the art. One such technique comprises enzymatic digestion of the plant cell wall to produce a plant protoplast, which can subsequently undergo multiple rounds of cell division and differentiation to produce an adult plant. Adult plants generated in such a way can be subsequently tested for resistance to pest infestation. ‘Resistant’ as used herein should be interpreted broadly and relates to the ability of the plant to defend against attack from a pest that is typically capable of inflicting damage or loss to the plant. Resistant may either be taken to mean that the plant is no longer susceptible to pest infestation or that any disease symptoms resulting from pest infestation are reduced by at least about 20%, preferably at least 30%, 40% or 50%, more preferably at least 60%, 70% or 80% and most preferably by at least 90%. Techniques to measure the resistance of a plant to insect pest species are commonly known in the art and include but are not limited to measuring over time the average lesion diameter, the pest biomass, and/or the overall percentage of decayed plant tissues.

In one embodiment, the present method of producing a transgenic plant also includes the step of generating offspring or progeny from the transgenic plant and testing the progeny for resistance to the insect pest. Two or more generations may be produced to ensure that expression of the resistance trait is stably maintained and inherited. Seeds may also be harvested from the parent transgenic plant and/or its progeny to test for resistance to an insect pest.

Also encompassed within the present invention is a method for generating transgenic plants resistant to infestation by an insect pest species comprising the steps of crossing a first transgenic plant carrying a DNA construct encoding an interfering RNA that functions to down-regulate expression of a pest target gene, with a second plant lacking said DNA construct, and selecting progeny resistant to said pest. Crossing may be carried out by any methods routinely used in the context of plant breeding. The progeny selected for pest resistance may additionally be self-pollinated or ‘selfed’ to produce a subsequent generation of pest resistant progeny. In one embodiment, multiple rounds of self pollination or selfing may be carried out to generate 2, 3, 4, 5 or more generations of progeny. The resultant progeny may be tested for pest resistance to ensure that expression of the resistance trait is stably maintained and inherited.

In a further embodiment, any pest resistant progeny plants derived from a cross between a first transgenic parent plant carrying a DNA construct of interest and a second parent plant lacking said DNA construct may be back-crossed to the second parent plant and subsequent progeny tested for resistance to pest infestation. Plants or their progeny may be tested for resistance to pest infestation either by phenotypic analysis as described elsewhere herein or by standard molecular techniques. For example, the pest resistant plants may be identified by the detection of the presence of a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an interfering RNA that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of a target gene. Techniques for detecting the presence of specific polynucleotide sequences within cells are known in the art and include PCR, enzymatic digestion and SNP analysis.

The methods of the invention can be used to generate ‘stacked transgenic’ plants that are resistant to insect pest species and that optionally possess at least one other desirable trait. As used herein, a ‘stacked’ transgenic plant refers to a plant carrying more than one exogenous polynucleotide sequence. The phrase ‘more than one’ refers to the possibility of a plant carrying at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 exogenous polynucleotides. In one embodiment, the plant cell transformed with the DNA construct encoding the interfering RNA targeting a pest gene may have previously been engineered to carry a separate exogenous polynucleotide. Alternatively, the method for generating a transgenic plant from a plant cell as described herein may comprise a co-transformation protocol wherein the DNA construct encoding an interfering RNA of the invention is delivered to a plant cell simultaneously or sequentially with a separate exogenous polynucleotide.

Stacked transgenic plants demonstrating pest resistance may also be generated by standard plant breeding techniques. In one embodiment, a first pest-resistant transgenic plant is crossed with a second plant engineered to express an exogenous polynucleotide or heterologous gene conferring a desirable plant trait. Any progeny produced can be tested for pest resistance and acquisition of the additional desirable trait. Alternatively or in addition, any pest-resistant progeny produced from the cross may be back-crossed to the second parent in order to generate further progeny that can be selected for inheritance of the heterologous gene carried by the second parent and thus the additional desirable plant trait. The exogenous polynucleotides carried by a stacked transgenic plant of the invention may be expressed in the same parts of the plant or may be expressed differentially by virtue of the fact that expression of each is controlled by a different tissue-specific promoter.

In one embodiment, the exogenous polynucleotide or heterologous gene conferring a further desirable trait encodes another interfering RNA targeting the same or different insect pest species. In a further embodiment, the heterologous gene encodes a protein harmful or toxic to a plant insect pest species, for example an insecticidal protein selected from the group including but not limited to Cry1Ab, Cry1C, Cry2Aa, Cry3, CryET70, Cry22, CryET33, CryET34, CryET80, CryET76, TIC100, TIC101, TIC851, TIC900, TIC901, TIC1201, TIC407, TIC417, PS149B1 and VIP insecticidal proteins. In a yet further embodiment, the heterologous gene encodes a protein conferring herbicide resistance. Examples of genes conferring herbicide resistance include Bar, EPSPS which confers glyphosate resistance, ALS which confers imidazolinone and sulphonylurea resistance and bxn which confers bromoxynil resistance.

Also provided herein is a method for producing hybrid seed from any of the transgenic plants generated by the methods of the current invention, said method comprising the steps of (i) planting the seed obtained from a first inbred plant and the seed obtained from a second inbred plant, wherein at least one of the inbred plants is a transgenic plant resistant to pest infestation (ii) cultivating the seeds into plants that bear flowers, (iii) preventing self-pollination of at least one of the first or second adult plants, (iv) allowing cross-pollination to occur between the first and second plants; and (v) harvesting the seeds resulting from the cross-pollination. Hybrid seed produced by this method and hybrid plants produced by cultivating said seed are within the scope of the current invention. Hybrid plants produced by this method will typically be genetically uniform and are likely to exhibit heterosis or hybrid vigour. Thus, crops with the potential for increased yield may be generated by such a method.

According to another aspect of the current invention are provided transgenic plants resistant to infestation by insect pest species. In particular, provided herein are transgenic plants which express or are capable of expressing at least one interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) that functions upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate the expression of a target gene as described elsewhere herein within said pest. The interfering RNA may be any of those as disclosed elsewhere herein. Preferably, the interfering RNA comprises or consists of at least one silencing element and said silencing element is a region of double-stranded RNA comprises annealed complementary strands, one strand of which (the sense strand) comprises a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a target gene. Down-regulation of a pest target gene can be used to disrupt an essential biological process or function in the pest, wherein ‘essential’ refers to the fact that the process or function is required for initiation or maintenance of pest infestation.

As used herein, the term ‘plant’ may include any reproductive or propagation material for a plant. Reference to a plant may also include plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant tissue cultures, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, leaves, flowers, branches, fruit, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, roots, root tips and the like. Progeny, variants and mutants of any of the transgenic plants described herein are within the scope of the current invention. Also included is seed produced from any of said transgenic plants.

Included within the group of transgenic plants of the current invention are transgenic plants produced by any of the methods described herein. Thus in one embodiment of the invention the transgenic plants comprise stacked transgenic traits carrying a first exogenous polynucleotide conferring pest resistance and at least one other exogenous polynucleotide or heterologous gene conferring an additional desirable plant trait. The additional heterologous genes may comprise genes encoding additional pesticidal agents, genes encoding proteins toxic or harmful to insect pest species and/or genes encoding proteins conferring herbicide resistance as described elsewhere herein.

Also provided herein is the use of the interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) as described herein or the DNA construct as described herein for preventing and/or controlling insect pest infestation, preferably insect pest infestation of plants.

The invention will be further understood with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification of Target Genes in Insect Pest Species

1.1 Cloning of Partial Sequences of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata Genes

Nucleic acids were isolated from the gut cells of Colorado potato beetle, CPB, (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae and a cDNA library was prepared. The gut cDNAs were cloned into the pGN49A vector (as described in WO01/88121) such that they were flanked by chemically-inducible T7 promoters, oppositely oriented at each end of the cDNA duplex. The recombinant vector constructs were transformed into cells of Escherichia coli strain AB301-105 (DE3). The transformed cells were subsequently diluted and plated so as to obtain single colonies or clones. The clones were checked to ensure that clone redundancy for the library did not exceed 5%. Between 3000 and 4000 clones were generated.

1.2 Testing the Effect of Bacterially-Expressed dsRNA Molecules on the Survival of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Larvae

Multiwell plates were pre-filled with LB (Luria-broth) medium and each well was inoculated with a separate clone of transformed bacterial cells taken from the CPB cDNA library. The bacteria were grown at 28° C. with shaking at 280 rpm, followed by a chemical induction step at 37° C. After centrifugation, the resulting bacterial pellet was washed with water and subjected to a heat treatment to inactivate the bacteria.

The bacterial suspensions were tested for their effects on CPB larvae survival using an artificial diet-based feeding assay. A bacterial suspension produced from a single bacterial clone was topically applied to solid artificial diet in the wells of a multiwell plate and the diet was dried in a laminar flow cabinet. The effects of each clone were tested in triplicate. A single 2nd stage CPB larva was subsequently added to each well. The plates were stored in an insect rearing chamber at 25±2° C., 60±5% relative humidity, with a 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod. Bacterial cells transformed with an empty vector, pGN29 (WO01/88121), were used as controls. The survival of CPB larvae in each of the wells was assessed on day 14.

A number of bacterial clones exhibited high potency against CPB larvae indicating that the cDNAs encoding double-stranded RNAs contained therein are essential for pest survival and thus represent target genes of interest for the purposes of pest control. The DNA sequences and corresponding amino acid sequences of these target genes were therefore determined and are provided in Tables 1 and 2 respectively.

TABLE 1 Target cDNA Sequence (sense strand) ID 5′ → 3′ Ld556 SEQ ID NO 1 Ld513 SEQ ID NO 2 Ld504.2 SEQ ID NO 3 Ld520 SEQ ID NO 4 Ld537 SEQ ID NO 5 Ld334 SEQ ID NO 6 Ld327 SEQ ID NO 7 Ld502 SEQ ID NO 8 Ld516 SEQ ID NO 9 Ld579 SEQ ID NO 10 Ld332 SEQ ID NO 11 Ld237 SEQ ID NO 12 Ld261 SEQ ID NO 13 Ld300.1 SEQ ID NO 14 Ld423 SEQ ID NO 15 Ld511 SEQ ID NO 16 Ld512 SEQ ID NO 17 Ld563 SEQ ID NO 18 Ld105 SEQ ID NO 19 Ld248 SEQ ID NO 20

TABLE 2 Target Corresponding amino acid sequence of ID cDNA clone as represented in Table 1 Ld556 SEQ ID NO 206 (frame + 2) Ld513 SEQ ID NO 207 (frame + 3) Ld504.2 SEQ ID NO 208 (frame + 2) Ld520 SEQ ID NO 209 (frame + 3) Ld537 SEQ ID NO 210 (frame + 1) Ld334 SEQ ID NO 211 (frame + 1) Ld327 SEQ ID NO 212 (frame + 3) Ld502 SEQ ID NO 213 (frame + 2) Ld516 SEQ ID NO 214 (frame + 3) Ld579 SEQ ID NO 215 (frame + 1) Ld332 SEQ ID NO 216 (frame + 3) Ld237 SEQ ID NO 217 (frame + 2) Ld261 SEQ ID NO 218 (frame + 3) Ld300.1 SEQ ID NO 219 (frame + 3) Ld423 SEQ ID NO 220 (frame + 1) Ld511 SEQ ID NO 221 (frame + 3) Ld512 SEQ ID NO 222 (frame + 3) Ld563 SEQ ID NO 223 (frame + 1) Ld105 SEQ ID NO 224 (frame + 1) Ld248 SEQ ID NO 225 (frame + 1) 1.3 Design of Degenerate Primers for Cloning Lygus hesperus Orthologous Sequences

A protein (blastp) search was performed for each target gene of interest by searching non-redundant protein databases of Arthropods using the protein sequence corresponding to each of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata targets. A selection of up to twenty protein sequences was made from the best hits which represented a diversity of insect species.

These sequences were first processed into blocks using the “Blockmaker” program (http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/blockmkr-bin/makeblocks.pl) which generated multiple sequence alignments and analyses of the protein sequences for regions of conservation.

Blocks of conserved amino acid sequences were submitted to CodeHop (http://blocks.fhcrc.org/codehop.html). From the output of degenerate primers a selection of up to ten forward and ten reverse primers for each target was produced.

1.4 Cloning of Partial Sequences of the Lygus hesperus Genes by Family PCR

High quality, intact RNA was isolated from 1st instar nymphs of Lygus hesperus. Any genomic DNA present in the RNA preparation was removed by DNase treatment. cDNA was generated using Reverse Transcriptase. To isolate cDNA sequences comprising a segment of the Lh513, Lh504.2, Lh520, Lh537, Lh334, Lh327, Lh579, Lh332, Lh237, Lh261, Lh300.1, Lh423, Lh512, Lh105 and Lh248 genes, a series of PCR reactions with degenerate primers was performed.

The resulting PCR fragments were analyzed on agarose gel, purified and sequenced. The sequences of the resulting PCR products are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as provided in Table 3 and are referred to as the partial sequences. The corresponding partial amino acid sequences are represented by the respective SEQ ID NOs as provided in Table 4.

TABLE 3 Target cDNA Sequence (sense strand) ID 5′ → 3′ Lh513.1 SEQ ID NO 121 Lh513.2 SEQ ID NO 122 Lh504.2 SEQ ID NO 123 Lh520 SEQ ID NO 124 Lh537.1 SEQ ID NO 125 Lh537.2 SEQ ID NO 126 Lh537.3 SEQ ID NO 127 Lh537.4 SEQ ID NO 128 Lh537.5 SEQ ID NO 129 Lh334 SEQ ID NO 130 Lh327 SEQ ID NO 131 Lh579.1 SEQ ID NO 132 Lh579.2 SEQ ID NO 133 Lh332 SEQ ID NO 134 Lh237 SEQ ID NO 135 Lh261 SEQ ID NO 136 Lh300.1 SEQ ID NO 137 Lh423 SEQ ID NO 138 Lh423.2 SEQ ID NO 253 Lh512.1 SEQ ID NO 139 Lh512.2 SEQ ID NO 140 Lh105 SEQ ID NO 251 Lh248 SEQ ID NO 252

TABLE 4 Target Corresponding amino acid sequence of ID cDNA clone as represented in Table 3 Lh513.1 SEQ ID NO 226 Lh513.2 SEQ ID NO 227 Lh504.2 SEQ ID NO 228 Lh520 SEQ ID NO 229 Lh537.1 SEQ ID NO 230 Lh537.2 and SEQ ID NO 231 Lh537.3 Lh537.4 SEQ ID NO 232 Lh537.5 SEQ ID NO 233 Lh334 SEQ ID NO 234 Lh327 SEQ ID NO 235 Lh579.1 SEQ ID NO 236 Lh579.2 SEQ ID NO 237 Lh332 SEQ ID NO 238 Lh237 SEQ ID NO 239 Lh261 SEQ ID NO 240 Lh300.1 SEQ ID NO 241 Lh423 SEQ ID NO 242 Lh423.2 SEQ ID NO 271 Lh512.1 SEQ ID NO 243 Lh512.2 SEQ ID NO 244 Lh105 SEQ ID NO 269 Lh248 SEQ ID NO 270 1.5 Full Length cDNA Cloning by RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends)

In order to clone full length cDNA, starting from a known clone of internal fragment from the most potent targets, the 5/3′ RACE kit was used (Roche, Cat. No. 1 734 792; based on Sambrook, J. & Russell, D. M). The standard protocol, described in the Instruction Manual, was followed. Briefly, for a 5′ RACE, a target sequence specific antisense primer was designed on the known sequence and used for a first strand cDNA synthesis, using Lygus RNA as template. A tail was added to the first strand cDNA and used as an anchor for the second strand synthesis and amplification of an unknown end portion of the transcript. For a 3′ RACE, an oligo dT anchor primer was used for the first strand cDNA synthesis. For the 5′ and 3′ RACEs, nested primers, specific to the target sequence were used in a second PCR reaction. The PCR fragments were analysed on agarose gel, purified, cloned and sequenced for confirmation.

Full length cDNA sequences corresponding to the Lygus targets listed in Table 13 were assembled in VectorNTi, a fully integrated sequence analysis software package for DNA sequence analysis (Invitrogen). The nucleotide sequences resulting from the assemblies are provided in Table 14 and the corresponding amino acid sequences are provided in Table 15.

TABLE 13 Target ID Dm orthologue NAME SYMBOL Lh049 CG8055 shrub-snf7 (vesicle trafficking) shrb Lh248 CG6699 beta′-coatomer protein beta′Cop Lh105 CG1250 sec23 sec23 Lh300 CG6213 vacuolar H[+] ATPase G-subunit Vha13 Lh327 CG6223 beta-coatomer protein betaCop Lh423 CG2746 ribosomal protein L19 RpL19 Lh504 CG5271 ribosomal protein 527A RpS27A Lh520 CG2960 ribosomal protein L40 RpL40

TABLE 14 Target cDNA Sequence (sense strand) ID 5′ → 3′ Lh049 SEQ ID NO 280 Lh248 SEQ ID NO 279 Lh105 SEQ ID NO 278 Lh300 SEQ ID NO 276 Lh327 SEQ ID NO 275 Lh423 SEQ ID NO 277 Lh504 SEQ ID NO 273 Lh520 SEQ ID NO 274

TABLE 15 Target Corresponding amino acid sequence ID to cDNA, as respresented in Table 14 Lh049 SEQ ID NO 288 Lh248 SEQ ID NO 287 Lh105 SEQ ID NO 286 Lh300 SEQ ID NO 284 Lh327 SEQ ID NO 283 Lh423 SEQ ID NO 285 Lh504 SEQ ID NO 281 Lh520 SEQ ID NO 282

Example 2 In Vitro Production of Double-Stranded RNAs for Gene Silencing

2.1 Production of dsRNAs Corresponding to the Partial Sequences of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Lygus hesperus Target Genes

Double-stranded RNA was synthesized in milligram quantities. First, two separate 5′ T7 RNA polymerase promoter templates (a sense template and an antisense template) were generated by PCR. PCRs were designed and carried out so as to produce sense and antisense template polynucleotides, each having the T7 promoter in a different orientation relative to the target sequence to be transcribed.

For each of the target genes, the sense template was generated using a target-specific T7 forward primer and a target-specific reverse primer. The antisense templates were generated using target-specific forward primers and target-specific T7 reverse primers. The sequences of the respective primers for amplifying the sense and antisense templates via PCR for each of the target genes are provided in Table 5 (for Leptinotarsa decemlineata cDNAs) and in Table 6 (for Lygus hesperus cDNAs). The PCR products were analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis and purified. The resultant T7 sense and antisense templates were mixed and transcribed by the addition of T7 RNA polymerase. The single-stranded RNAs produced by transcription from the templates were allowed to anneal, were treated with DNase and RNase, and were purified by precipitation. The sense strand of the resulting dsRNA produced from each of the target genes is provided in Table 5 (for Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and in Table 6 (for Lygus hesperus).

TABLE 5 dsRNA: sense strand Primers Primers represented by equivalent Target Forward Reverse DNA Sequence ID 5′ → 3′ 5′ → 3′ 5′ → 3′ Ld556 SEQ ID NO 41 SEQ ID NO 42 SEQ ID NO 21 SEQ ID NO 43 SEQ ID NO 44 Ld513 SEQ ID NO 45 SEQ ID NO 46 SEQ ID NO 22 SEQ ID NO 47 SEQ ID NO 48 Ld504.2 SEQ ID NO 49 SEQ ID NO 50 SEQ ID NO 23 SEQ ID NO 51 SEQ ID NO 52 Ld520 SEQ ID NO 53 SEQ ID NO 54 SEQ ID NO 24 SEQ ID NO 55 SEQ ID NO 56 Ld537 SEQ ID NO 57 SEQ ID NO 58 SEQ ID NO 25 SEQ ID NO 59 SEQ ID NO 60 Ld334 SEQ ID NO 61 SEQ ID NO 62 SEQ ID NO 26 SEQ ID NO 63 SEQ ID NO 64 Ld327 SEQ ID NO 65 SEQ ID NO 66 SEQ ID NO 27 SEQ ID NO 67 SEQ ID NO 68 Ld502 SEQ ID NO 69 SEQ ID NO 70 SEQ ID NO 28 SEQ ID NO 71 SEQ ID NO 72 Ld516 SEQ ID NO 73 SEQ ID NO 74 SEQ ID NO 29 SEQ ID NO 75 SEQ ID NO 76 Ld579 SEQ ID NO 77 SEQ ID NO 78 SEQ ID NO 30 SEQ ID NO 79 SEQ ID NO 80 Ld332 SEQ ID NO 81 SEQ ID NO 82 SEQ ID NO 31 SEQ ID NO 83 SEQ ID NO 84 Ld237 SEQ ID NO 85 SEQ ID NO 86 SEQ ID NO 32 SEQ ID NO 87 SEQ ID NO 88 Ld261 SEQ ID NO 89 SEQ ID NO 90 SEQ ID NO 33 SEQ ID NO 91 SEQ ID NO 92 Ld300.1 SEQ ID NO 93 SEQ ID NO 94 SEQ ID NO 34 SEQ ID NO 95 SEQ ID NO 96 Ld423 SEQ ID NO 97 SEQ ID NO 98 SEQ ID NO 35 SEQ ID NO 99 SEQ ID NO 100 Ld511 SEQ ID NO 101 SEQ ID NO 102 SEQ ID NO 36 SEQ ID NO 103 SEQ ID NO 104 Ld512 SEQ ID NO 105 SEQ ID NO 106 SEQ ID NO 37 SEQ ID NO 107 SEQ ID NO 108 Ld563 SEQ ID NO 109 SEQ ID NO 110 SEQ ID NO 38 SEQ ID NO 111 SEQ ID NO 112 Ld105 SEQ ID NO 113 SEQ ID NO 114 SEQ ID NO 39 SEQ ID NO 115 SEQ ID NO 116 Ld248 SEQ ID NO 117 SEQ ID NO 118 SEQ ID NO 40 SEQ ID NO 119 SEQ ID NO 120

TABLE 6 dsRNA: sense strand Primers Primers represented by equivalent Target Forward Reverse DNA Sequence ID 5′ → 3′ 5′ → 3′ 5′ → 3′ Lh513 SEQ ID NO 154 SEQ ID NO 155 SEQ ID NO 141 SEQ ID NO 156 SEQ ID NO 157 Lh504.2 SEQ ID NO 158 SEQ ID NO 159 SEQ ID NO 142 SEQ ID NO 160 SEQ ID NO 161 Lh520 SEQ ID NO 162 SEQ ID NO 163 SEQ ID NO 143 SEQ ID NO 164 SEQ ID NO 165 Lh537 SEQ ID NO 166 SEQ ID NO 167 SEQ ID NO 144 SEQ ID NO 168 SEQ ID NO 169 Lh334 SEQ ID NO 170 SEQ ID NO 171 SEQ ID NO 145 SEQ ID NO 172 SEQ ID NO 173 Lh327 SEQ ID NO 174 SEQ ID NO 175 SEQ ID NO 146 SEQ ID NO 176 SEQ ID NO 177 Lh579 SEQ ID NO 178 SEQ ID NO 179 SEQ ID NO 147 SEQ ID NO 180 SEQ ID NO 181 Lh332 SEQ ID NO 182 SEQ ID NO 183 SEQ ID NO 148 SEQ ID NO 184 SEQ ID NO 185 Lh237 SEQ ID NO 186 SEQ ID NO 187 SEQ ID NO 149 SEQ ID NO 188 SEQ ID NO 189 Lh261 SEQ ID NO 190 SEQ ID NO 191 SEQ ID NO 150 SEQ ID NO 192 SEQ ID NO 193 Lh300.1 SEQ ID NO 194 SEQ ID NO 195 SEQ ID NO 151 SEQ ID NO 196 SEQ ID NO 197 Lh423 SEQ ID NO 198 SEQ ID NO 199 SEQ ID NO 152 SEQ ID NO 200 SEQ ID NO 201 Lh512 SEQ ID NO 202 SEQ ID NO 203 SEQ ID NO 153 SEQ ID NO 204 SEQ ID NO 205 Lh105.2 SEQ ID NO 257 SEQ ID NO 258 SEQ ID NO 254 SEQ ID NO 259 SEQ ID NO 260 Lh248.2 SEQ ID NO 261 SEQ ID NO 262 SEQ ID NO 255 SEQ ID NO 263 SEQ ID NO 264 Lh248.3 SEQ ID NO 265 SEQ ID NO 266 SEQ ID NO 256 SEQ ID NO 267 SEQ ID NO 268 GFP SEQ ID NO 246 SEQ ID NO 247 SEQ ID NO 245 SEQ ID NO 248 SEQ ID NO 249

Example 3 Down-Regulating Expression of Target Genes in Leptinotarsa decemlineata as a Means to Achieve Pest Control

3.1 Testing of In Vitro-Synthesized dsRNA Molecules for Activity Against Leptinotarsa decemlineata Larvae

In vitro-synthesized dsRNAs transcribed from template polynucleotides derived from target genes identified according to the methods of Example 1 were tested for effects on the survival of CPB larvae using feeding assays. Briefly, artificial diet-based assays were carried out as follow. To each well of a 48-well plate was added 0.5 ml artificial diet pre-treated by topical application of 1000 ng/cm² synthetic dsRNA in 25 μL. A single L2 larva was added to each well. dsRNAs derived from a variety of target genes were tested using this method and 24 larvae were tested for each dsRNA. The total numbers of surviving larvae were counted at regular intervals up to 14 days after the start of feeding. The time taken for each dsRNA to kill 50% of treated larvae (LT₅₀) was calculated for each target gene investigated and compared to the LT₅₀ for a reference target gene (Ld248) previously described in WO2007/074405. The results are presented in Table 7.

TABLE 7 LT₅₀ target X/ dsRNA Dm¹ LT₅₀ target length Rank Target orthologue Name/Description (FlyBase) Ld248 (bp) 1 Ld556 CG11415 Tsp2A; Tetraspanin 2A, putative 0.60 558 transmembrane domain protein 2 Ld513 CG5409 & Protein belonging to the actin others family; structural constituent of 0.67 320 cytoskeleton 3 Ld504.2 CG5271 Ribosomal protein S27A; 0.70 490 structural constituent of ribosome 4 Ld520 CG2960 Ribosomal protein L40; structural 0.70 231 constituent of ribosome 5 Ld537 CG32744 Ubiquitin-5E; protein modification 0.77 571 process 6 Ld334 CG3948 ζ-coatomer of COPI vesicle 0.80 542 7 Ld327 CG6223 β-coatomer of COPI vesicle 0.83 747 8 Ld105 CG1250 Sec23; GTPase activator involved 0.85 1504 in intracellular protein transport 9 Ld502 CG7595 Crinkled protein; unconventional 0.90 393 myosin involved in motor activity 10 Ld516 CG11888 Rpn2; proteasome regulatory 0.90 779 particle 11 Ld579 CG8392 Proteasome β1 subunit 0.90 392 12 Ld332 CG1528 γ-coatomer of COPI vesicle 0.90 178 13 Ld237 CG10149 Rpn6; proteasome p44.5 subunit 0.90 559 14 Ld261 CG5266 Pros25; proteasome 25 kD subunit 0.90 586 15 Ld300.1 CG6213 Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase G-subunit 1.00 267 16 Ld248 CG6699 β′-coatomer protein 1.00 967 17 Ld423 CG2746 Ribosomal protein L19 1.00 603 18 Ld511 CG3329 Prosβ2; proteasome β2 subunit 1.02 273 ¹ Drosophila melanogaster

From these results, it can be concluded that dsRNAs targeting the CPB genes identified in Example 1 are more potent or at least as potent as reference CPB target genes that have been previously reported in WO2007/074405 i.e. in the majority of cases, the ‘time-to-kill’ CPB larvae was shorter than for the reference targets Ld105 and Ld248 (as previously described in WO2007/074405: Ld105=[Target ID NO LD010], Ld248=[Target ID NO LD027]). The efficacy against CPB larvae after dsRNA consumption differed depending on the nature of the gene targeted.

3.2 Testing of In Vitro-Synthesized dsRNA Molecules for Activity Against Leptinotarsa decemlineata Adults

The data provided below exemplify the findings that ingested dsRNAs produced from template polynucleotides derived from a variety of CPB target genes adversely affected the survival, fitness, feeding behaviour, mating behaviour, egg production and offspring generation of CPB adults.

Various gene targets selected from the larvae gut cDNA expression library and as shown above in Example 3.1 to be effective for the purposes of killing CPB larvae, were tested in order to assess the effects of gene down-regulation in adult beetles. Gene targets identified as important in both CPB larvae and adult beetles are of particular interest since they may be used to control and/or prevent insect pest infestation at different stages of an insect's life-cycle.

Briefly, a leaf disc assay to test the effects of dsRNA molecules derived from various target genes, against adult beetles was set up as follows. A potato leaf disc, diameter 1.5 cm, treated with 5 μg of in vitro-synthesized target dsRNA provided in 20 μL, was placed in a well of a 6-well plate together with a week-old CPB adult. After a few hours, once the leaf disc had been entirely consumed by the insect, another leaf disc treated with 5 μg of in vitro-synthesized target dsRNA was presented to the adult. For each dsRNA to be tested, a total of ten young adult beetles (a mix of males and females) were exposed to treated leaf discs. The following day, after the second treated leaf disc had been entirely consumed, the ten adults in each treatment group were pooled in the same box and fed abundant untreated potato foliage. Adult beetles fed dsRNA derived from the GFP gene were used as controls in this assay.

The numbers of surviving and/or moribund adult insects were counted at regular intervals from day 4 up to 14 days after the start of the feeding assay. CPB adults were classified as moribund if they appeared sick and less mobile than healthy adults and were not able to right themselves when placed on their backs for longer than one minute. Effects on feeding, mating, egg production and hatching were also assessed at regular intervals from day 4.

Mortality and Moribundity

The percentage of moribund and/or dead CPB adults assessed over a 14-day period for each target gene tested are shown in FIG. 1. In addition, the time taken to achieve 50% mortality of adult beetles (LT₅₀) in each treatment group was calculated and the results shown in Table 8 are presented as a ratio based on the LT₅₀ calculated for a reference target gene previously described in WO2007/074405.

TABLE 8 LT₅₀ target X/ dsRNA Dm LT₅₀ target length Rank Target orthologue Name/Description (FlyBase) Ld248 (bp) 1 Ld537 CG32744 Ubiquitin-5E; protein modification 0.63 571 process 2 Ld520 CG2960 Ribosomal protein L40; structural 0.70 231 constituent of ribosome 3 Ld516 CG11888 Rpn2; proteasome regulatory 0.74 779 particle 4 Ld512 CG10370 Tbp-1; Tat-binding protein 0.74 310 5 Ld511 CG3329 Prosβ2; proteasome β2 subunit 0.77 273 6 Ld579 CG8392 Proteasome β1 subunit 0.87 392 7 Ld513 CG5409 & Protein belonging to the actin family; 0.88 320 others structural constituent of cytoskeleton 8 Ld248 CG6699 β′-coatomer protein 1.00 967 9 Ld563 CG3193 Crooked neck protein; involved in 1.05 388 regulation of nuclear alternative mRNA splicing 10 Ld105 CG1250 Sec23; GTPase activator involved in 1.06 1504 intracellular protein transport

From these results, it can be concluded that dsRNAs targeting a variety of CPB genes identified in Example 1 are more potent or at least as potent as reference CPB target genes that have been previously reported in the WO2007/074405 i.e. in the majority of cases, the lime-to-kill′ CPB adults was shorter than for the reference targets Ld105 and Ld248 (as previously described in WO2007/074405: Ld105=[Target ID NO LD010], Ld248=[Target ID NO LD027]). The efficacy against CPB adults after dsRNA consumption differed depending on the nature of the gene targeted.

Feeding Inhibition

For all target genes of interest, complete cessation of feeding by CPB adults was observed from day 5 onwards of the assay (4 days after the treated potato foliage was replaced by untreated potato foliage). Control CPB adults fed as normal throughout the assay.

Mating, Egg Production, and Egg Hatching

Mating, egg production, and egg hatching were assessed throughout the 14-day time-course of the assay. The results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Target Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 14 Ld105 EM SE none none none none Ld248 EM YS YS none none none Ld516 EM SE none none none none Ld511 EM & SE YS none none none none Ld512 EM & SE SE SE none none none Ld513 EM & SE none none none none none Ld520 SE none none none none none Ld537 EM & SE SE none none none none Ld563 none SE none none none none Ld579 EM SE SE none none none GFP EM EM EM EM EM EM

From day 5 onwards, no mating was observed in CPB adults in the treated groups, however, mating of CPB adults in the GFP control group was as normal.

On day 4, normal egg masses (with 20-30 eggs per egg mass) were observed in groups treated with dsRNAs targeting Ld105, Ld248, Ld516, Ld579, and GFP. (These egg masses were laid between days 1 and 3 of the assay.) However, for the groups treated with dsRNAs targeting Ld511, Ld512, Ld513, and Ld537, a mixture of normal egg masses and single eggs were found. No normal egg masses were observed in the CPB group treated with dsRNA targeting Ld520; only individual single eggs were observed.

Eggs identified on day 4 were harvested and both hatching frequency and larval survival were assessed. In all treatment groups for which normal egg masses were harvested, hatching was 100% except for the Ld537 group in which only 50% of eggs in the single egg mass harvested went on to hatch. All larvae from these egg masses developed normally.

For groups in which Ld511 and Ld537 were the target genes of interest, less than 10% of the single eggs hatched and these larvae died within 7 days after hatching. For the groups in which the target genes were Ld512, Ld520 and Ld513, the hatching frequency was 30%, 70% and 100% respectively.

On day 5, no egg masses were observed in any of the treatment groups except for the GFP control. However, single eggs were present in the groups wherein the target genes were Ld105, Ld516, Ld512, Ld537, Ld563, and Ld579. A yellow smear (indicative of no intact eggs) was visible in the feeding chambers of insects in the groups treated with dsRNAs targeting Ld248 and Ld511. In the groups for which Ld513 and Ld520 were the target genes, no eggs were discovered.

Eggs identified on day 5 were harvested and both hatching frequency and larval survival were assessed. For groups with target genes Ld512, Ld516, and Ld563, hatching was between 20 and 50%, but all larvae in group Ld563 died within 7 days of hatching. For the group with Ld579 as the gene target, all eggs hatched and larvae developed as normal.

On day 6, only single eggs were identified in the treatment groups wherein the target genes were Ld512 and Ld579. A yellow smear was noted in the Ld248 target group. No eggs were present in any of the other treatment groups. From day 7 onwards, no eggs were laid by any of the treated adult beetles. However, GFP dsRNA-treated control females continued to lay normal egg masses throughout the assay.

Example 4 Down-Regulating Expression of Target Genes in Lygus hesperus by Ingestion of dsRNA as a Means to Achieve Pest Control

4.1 Modification of the Lygus hesperus Feeding Assay to Allow for More Effective Uptake of dsRNA Molecules

Although the rearing diet from BioServ used in maintaining the Lygus cultures over many generations is effective, this diet may not be appropriate for testing candidate dsRNA molecules in a feeding assay. The oligidic diet includes ingredients which are not chemically defined and therefore some components may possibly interact with the molecules to be delivered to the nymphs. Therefore, the Lygus feeding assay has been modified such that it consists of two phases: an initial exposure of early instar nymphs to dsRNA molecules in a simplified diet (15% sucrose only) for three days followed by transfer of the nymphs to a normal oligidic Lygus diet for the remainder of the assay.

4.2 Effects of Various Target dsRNAs Plus Yeast tRNA on Lygus hesperus Survival

Lygus hesperus nymphs were exposed to 0.5 μg/μL dsRNA derived a number of Lygus hesperus target genes as described herein in the presence of 5 μg/μL yeast tRNA (Sigma) in a feeding assay (FIG. 2). Controls are GFP dsRNA plus yeast tRNA at the same concentrations, respectively, and diet only treatments. Young nymphs were each exposed to 25 μL of 15% sucrose diet with or without incorporated test components for three days prior to transferring them on to 50 μL complex (Bioserv) diet. Complex diet was refreshed on day 7.

In this assay, ingested dsRNA from all tested targets in combination with tRNA led to high mortalities of L. hesperus nymphs when compared to the GFP dsRNA or diet only control treatments (Table 10).

TABLE 10 Log-rank test (versus GFP) Target DsRNA Chi Significant ID length (bp) square P-value difference?^(†) Lh520 231 18.04 <0.0001 *** Lh423 511 17.11 <0.0001 *** Lh537 300 14.63 0.0001 *** Lh504.2 168 12.99 0.0003 *** Lh512 495 11.86 0.0006 *** Lh334 172 10.39 0.0013 ** Lh300.1 235 10.22 0.0014 ** Lh327 408 9.153 0.0025 ** Lh332 1041 7.972 0.0047 ** Lh237 710 5.793 0.0161 * Lh579 273 5.336 0.0209 * Lh261 368 3.928 0.0475 * Lh513 625 2.144 0.1432 ns diet / 1.483 0.2233 ns only ^(†)survival curves significantly different? *** = extremely significant, ** = very significant, * = significant, ns = not significant

A table which ranks the targets according to potency is made based upon the results of this RNAi-by-feeding assay (Table 11 and FIG. 3).

TABLE 11 % dsRNA D. Survival length melanogaster range at Target (bp) orthologue Description (FlyBase) day 10 FIG. Lh423 511 CG2746 Ribosomal protein L19  0-15 3 A Lh520 231 CG2960 Ribosomal protein L40 Lh504.2 168 CG5271 Ribosomal protein 16-30 3 B S27A Lh537 300 CG32744 Ubiquitin-5E Lh512 495 CG10370 Tbp-1, Tat-binding protein Lh300.1 235 CG6213 Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase G 3 C subunit Lh327 408 CG6223 β-coatomer of COPI vesicle Lh334 172 CG3948 ζ-coatomer of COPI vesicle Lh332 1041 CG1528 γ-coatomer of COPI vesicle Lh579 273 CG8392 Proteasome β1 subunit 31-45 3 D Lh237 710 CG10149 Rpn6, proteasome p44.5 subunit Lh261 368 CG5266 Pros25, proteasome >45 3 D 25 kD subunit Lh513 625 CG4027 Actin 5C

In another RNAi-by-feeding assay under the same conditions as described hereabove, we tested the effects of Lh105 and Lh248 target dsRNA on Lygus hesperus nymphal survival. Double-stranded RNA from targets Lh105 and Lh248 at 0.5 μg/μL in the presence of 5 μg/μL of tRNA led to significant L. hesperus nymphal lethality at day 10 in a feeding assay (83% for Lh105.2 dsRNA and 58% for Lh248.2 dsRNA and 71% for Lh248.3 dsRNA) (FIG. 6). In the same assay, Lh327 and Lh300 dsRNA showed only 4% and 13% survivors, respectively, at the end of the bioassay (FIG. 6).

4.3 Dose-Response Relationship Over Time of Target dsRNA Against Lygus hesperus Nymphs in RNAi-by-Feeding Assays

The dose-response relationship was studied to determine the L. hesperus nymphs' susceptibility to lowering dsRNA concentrations of test targets in RNAi-by-feeding assays. The data are graphically represented in FIGS. 4 and 5. The Kaplan-Meier estimated survival curves of the test targets at the low concentrations of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 μg/μL were compared with those of GFP dsRNA control at 0.1 μg/μL using the log rank test (Table 12).

TABLE 12 Target Dose dsRNA¹ (μg/μL) X² P-value Significance Lh423 0.1 30.36 <0.0001 *** 0.05 6.759 0.0093 ** 0.025 6.239 0.0125 * Lh504.2 0.1 5.828 0.0158 * 0.05 0.7283 0.3934 ns 0.025 0.4834 0.4869 ns Lh537 0.1 2.150 0.1426 ns 0.05 2.150 0.1426 ns 0.025 0.007874 0.9293 ns Lh327 0.1 13.80 0.0002 *** 0.05 6.176 0.0129 * 0.025 3.000 0.0833 ns Lh520 0.1 12.65 0.0004 *** 0.05 2.944 0.0862 ns 0.025 1.893 0.1689 ns Lh300.1 0.1 12.24 0.0005 *** 0.05 10.81 0.0010 ** 0.025 1.615 0.2038 ns ¹in the presence of 5 μg/μL of yeast transfer RNA

All targets tested were toxic towards L. hesperus nymphs at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/μL. Target Lh423 dsRNA at this concentration yielded under 10% nymphal survival towards the end of the bioassays. At the lowest concentration tested, i.e. 0.025 μg/μL, target Lh423 still showed a significant drop in survival when compared to GFP. Double-stranded RNAs from targets Lh300.1 and Lh327 also demonstrated high potency at low concentrations with significant drops in survival at 0.05 μg/μL.

Example 5 Generation of Plants Resistant to Insect Pest Species

5.1 Assembly of Plant Expression Vectors Comprising a Lygus hesperus Hairpin Sequence or Leptinotarsa decemlineata Hairpin Sequence for Transformation of Potato or Cotton

Since the mechanism of RNA interference operates through dsRNA fragments, the target polynucleotide sequences were cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by an intron (SEQ ID NO 250), to form a dsRNA hairpin construct. The dsRNA hairpin constructs encoding the L. hesperus dsRNA molecule derived from the target genes as mentioned herein were subcloned into a plant expression vector. Similarly a GUS dsRNA hairpin control construct, wherein the sense polynucleotide sequence encoding GUS (SEQ ID NO 272) was cloned in anti-sense and sense orientation, separated by the same intron (SEQ ID NO 250), was subcloned into a plant expression vector.

The plant expression vector comprises as well elements necessary for the maintenance of the plasmid in a bacterial cell. The dsRNA hairpin construct is located between the left border (LB) and right border (RB), 3′ downstream from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (P35S) and 5′ upstream from the TNOS terminator. A GFP reporter expression cassette comprising the GFP sequence flanked by the P35S promoter and terminator was subcloned into the plant transformation vector harbouring the L. hesperus hairpin cassette. The NPT II expression cassette comprising the NPT II sequence flanked by the P35S promoter and terminator is used for selecting plants that have been effectively transformed. Correct assembly of the genetic fragments in the plant expression vector was confirmed by sequencing (FIG. 7).

The plant expression vectors comprising the individual L. hesperus target hairpins were subsequently transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. For all L. hesperus target genes mentioned herein, fragments can be selected and cloned as hairpins in a similar manner.

5.2 Transformation of Potato with a Plant Expression Vector Comprising a Lygus hesperus Hairpin Sequence or Leptinotarsa decemlineata Hairpin Sequence and Testing of the Transformed Potato Plants for Resistance Towards L. hesperus or Leptinotarsa decemlineata

The example provided below is an exemplification of the finding that transgenic potato plants expressing target gene-specific hairpin RNAs adversely affect survival and/or development of insect pest species.

Lygus hesperus RNAi-by-Feeding in Planta

Potato Transformation

Stably transformed potato plants were obtained using an adapted protocol received through Julie Gilbert at the NSF Potato Genome Project (http://www.potatogenome.org/nsf5). Stem internode explants of potato ‘Line V’ (originally obtained from the Laboratory of Plant Breeding at PRI Wageningen, the Netherlands) which was derived from the susceptible diploid Solanum tuberosum 6487-9 was used as starting material for transformation. In vitro-derived explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C₁Rif^(R) containing the hairpin constructs. After three days co-cultivation, the explants were put onto a selective medium containing 100 mg/L Kanamycin and 300 mg/L Timentin. After 6 weeks post-transformation, the first putative shoots were removed and rooted on selective medium. Shoots originating from different explants were treated as independent events, shoots originating from the same callus were termed ‘siblings’ until their clonal status could be verified by Southern blotting, and nodal cuttings of a shoot were referred to as ‘clones’.

The transgenic status of the rooting shoots was checked either by GFP fluorescence and by plus/minus PCR for the inserted target sequence. Positive shoots were then clonally propagated in tissue culture to ensure enough replicates were available for the Lygus hesperus or Leptinotarsa decemlineata assays. These shoots were kept in tissue culture medium for greater flexibility to test for resistance towards Lygus nymphs/adults or L. decemlineata larvae/adults. The first plants were available to test fourteen weeks post transformation.

Bioassay

Following the positive results obtained in the dsRNA feeding experiments proof-of-principle in planta experiments were initiated.

The plantlets were analysed by PCR to confirm the integration of the T-DNA and the presence of the hairpin, before being propagated. Excess explants were produced with the aim of obtaining at least 30 independent events for each construct.

The in planta assay for Lygus hesperus was developed with in vitro potato plantlets which sustained insect survival at least 8 days, keeping background mortality low. L. hesperus nymphs survived and fed on wild type potato plantlets. This was supported by the visual damage caused by insects which was observed on the leaves and buds (FIG. 8).

In the assay, L. hesperus was fed with transgenic potato, expressing hairpin dsRNA targeting the L. hesperus targets identified herein. Plasmids carrying hairpin constructs and a GUS control were generated.

Young transgenic potato plants were kept in tissue culture medium in a plant growth room chamber with the following conditions: 25±1° C., 50±5% relative humidity, 16:8 hour light:dark photoperiod. Per construct, a number of events, in this case 30 (P006/XX), were generated with a suitable number of clones (more than 20) per event. A number of young Lygus nymphs/adults were placed on the individually caged young (for example, at the 4-5 unfolded leaf stage) potato plants and left for at least seven days. The resistance towards Lygus hesperus was assessed regularly over the period of the assay in terms of reduced nymph/adult survival, delayed development and stunted growth, and/or decreased plant feeding damage. FIG. 9 specifically shows L. hesperus nymph survival. The transgenic events were compared to the control GUS hairpin transformed events (P001/XX) and the wild type potatoes (FIG. 9 and FIG. 10).

A bioassay for testing transgenic plants, transformed with L. decemlineata specific hairpin constructs, for resistance against L. decemlineata larvae or adults is done in the same way as described for L. hesperus.

5.3 Transformation of Cotton with a Plant Expression Vector Comprising a Lygus hesperus Hairpin Sequence and Testing of the Transformed Cotton Callus Material or Plants for Resistance Towards L. hesperus

The example provided below is an exemplification of the finding that transgenic cotton plants or callus expressing target gene-specific hairpin RNAs adversely affect survival and/or development of insect pest species.

Cotton Transformation

Coker 312 seed is surface sterilized using first, a 5 minute wash in 70% ethanol and then shaking in a 20% bleach (Chlorox Co. USA, 1% available chlorine) solution plus 10 drops of the non-ionic detergent, Tween® 20, per litre. The seed is then rinsed 3 times in sterile distilled water before blotting dry on sterile filter papers. The sterile seed is germinated on Seed Germination (SG) medium for 4-6 days, and at this point the hypocotyls are harvested and cut into 0.5 cm lengths ready for Agrobacterium inoculation. The cut sections are placed on sterile filter papers overlaying a Murashige and Skoog based medium containing no phytohormones. The explants are incubated on a 16:8 hours day:night cycle at 28° C.+/−2° C. for 3 days prior to inoculation.

For the inoculation, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens liquid LB culture (10 ml), strain GV3101 (pMP90) Gent^(R) or strain LBA4404 containing the RNA hairpin target of choice and a hygromycin resistance encoding plant selection cassette, is grown up overnight and 5 ml used to inoculate a 100 ml culture the evening prior to the inoculation. The culture is spun down, resuspended and diluted to an OD600 of 0.15 in the bacterial dilution medium.

The hypocotyl segments are inoculated with the Agrobacterium suspension for 5 minutes. After this the explants are blotted onto sterile filter paper to remove the excess bacterial suspension. The explants are incubated in the dark on Cotton Co-cultivation Medium (CCM) for 48 hours. The explants are then placed on Selective Callus Induction Medium (SCIM) containing 10 mg/l Hygromycin and 500 mg/l Cefotaxime and including the phytohormones 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.1 μg/ml) and kinetin (0.1 μg/ml). After 4-6 weeks the first resistant calli are observed, and these can be removed to fresh SCIM and further amplified for molecular assessment and insect bioassays. Plates are refreshed every 4-6 weeks to maintain nutrients and antibiotic selection.

Calli that are shown to give a positive result in the insect feeding bioassay are chosen for regeneration and callus is transferred to non-selective medium for the maturation of the somatic embryos, the recipe is based on the publication of Trolinder and Goodin, 1986. Once the embryos have reached 4 mm in length and have differentiated cotyledons and radicles (2-3 months after transfer to maturation medium), they can be transferred Elongation Rooting Medium. This consists of sterilized vermiculite in large test tubes soaked with a Stewart & Hsu (1977) based liquid medium supplemented with kinetin, giberellic acid both added at the final concentration of 0.1 mg/l. The embryos are incubated at 28° C. in a 16:8 day/night cycle, and once they reach the 2-3 leaf stage the plantlets can be hardened off in pots of vermiculite enclosed in a propagator to maintain humidity. Once the plants are fully hardened (4-6 true leaf stage) they can be potted into a 50:50 peat:loam mix and grown in a 14:10 light cycle at 30/20° C. day/night.

Bioassay

Lygus nymphs are placed in a Petri dish containing undifferentiated cotton callus tissue expressing target hairpin RNA. Per construct, a number of transformed cotton calli are generated and tested in a feeding bioassay for reduced nymph/adult survival and/or delayed development and stunted growth. Transgenic calli not expressing Lygus target hairpin RNA gene fragment serve as a negative control. Furthermore, young regenerated cotton plants from transgenic calli are grown in soil in a plant growth room chamber with the following conditions: 30/20° C. day/night, 50±5% relative humidity, 14:10 hour light:dark photoperiod. Per construct, a number of events (for example, twenty) are generated. A number of young Lygus nymphs/adults are placed on the individually caged young (for example, at the 4-5 unfolded leaf stage) plants and left for at least seven days before assessing resistance towards Lygus hesperus in terms of reduced nymph/adult survival, delayed development and stunted growth, and/or decreased plant feeding damage. Cotton plants not transformed with the Lygus target hairpin RNA gene fragment serve as a negative control.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the above mentioned assays without departing from the spirit or scope of this assay as generically described. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific examples, and such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. The present example, therefore, is to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. 

What is claimed:
 1. An interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule which comprises at least one double-stranded region, wherein said double-stranded region comprises a sense RNA strand annealed by complementary basepairing to an antisense RNA strand, wherein the interfering RNA molecule upon uptake by an insect pest species is toxic to the insect pest species, wherein the interfering RNA molecule is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising: (i) a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 21, or the complement thereof; (ii) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 21, or the complement thereof; (iii) a nucleotide sequence that is at least 21 contiguous nucleotides and encodes an amino acid sequence that is encoded by at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 or 21; or (iv) a nucleotide sequence that is at least 21 contiguous nucleotides and encodes an amino acid sequence that is at least 7 contiguous amino acids and is represented in SEQ ID NO:
 206. 2. The interfering RNA of claim 1, wherein the RNA comprises at least one silencing element, wherein the silencing element comprises a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within the tetraspanin 2A protein target gene.
 3. The interfering RNA of claim 2, wherein the silencing element comprises a sequence of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within the tetraspanin 2A protein target gene.
 4. The interfering RNA of claim 2, wherein the silencing element is a region of double-stranded RNA comprising annealed complementary strands, one strand of which comprises a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within the tetraspanin 2A protein target gene.
 5. The interfering RNA of claim 2 wherein the RNA comprises at least two silencing elements, wherein each silencing element comprises a sequence of nucleotides which is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within a tetraspanin 2A protein target gene.
 6. The interfering RNA of claim 5 wherein each of the silencing elements comprises a different sequence of nucleotides which is complementary to a different target nucleotide sequence.
 7. The interfering RNA of claim 6 wherein the different target nucleotide sequences originate from a single tetraspanin 2A protein target gene.
 8. The interfering RNA of claim 6 wherein the different target nucleotide sequences originate from different target genes.
 9. The interfering RNA of claim 8 wherein the different target genes originate from the same insect pest species.
 10. The interfering RNA of claim 8 wherein the different target genes originate from different insect pest species.
 11. The interfering RNA of claim 1 wherein the insect pest species is a plant pest.
 12. The interfering RNA of claim 11 wherein the plant pest is selected from the Lygus genus or the Leptinotarsa genus.
 13. The interfering RNA of claim 12 wherein the plant pest is from the Lygus genus and is Lygus hesperus, or wherein the plant pest is from the Leptinotarsa genus and is Leptinotarsa decemlineata.
 14. The interfering RNA of claim 1 wherein the tetraspanin 2A protein target gene is an essential pest gene such that down-regulating expression causes decreased growth, development, reproduction, or survival of the pest as compared with pest species exposed to an interfering ribonucleic acid targeting a non-essential gene or an interfering ribonucleic acid that does not down-regulate any genes within the pest species.
 15. An isolated polynucleotide encoding the interfering RNA of claim
 1. 16. A DNA construct comprising the polynucleotide of claim
 15. 17. The DNA construct of claim 16 wherein the construct is an expression construct and wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence capable of driving expression of the polynucleotide.
 18. A host cell comprising an interfering RNA of claim 1, a polynucleotide encoding the interfering RNA of claim 1, or a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding the interfering RNA of claim
 1. 19. The host cell of claim 18 wherein the host cell is a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell.
 20. The host cell of claim 19 wherein the host cell is a bacterial cell or a plant cell.
 21. A composition for preventing and/or controlling insect pest infestation comprising at least one interfering RNA of claim 1 and at least one suitable carrier, excipient or diluent.
 22. The composition of claim 21 wherein the composition is for preventing and/or controlling pest infestation of a plant and wherein the excipient is an agronomical excipient.
 23. The composition of claim 21 further comprising a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding said interfering RNA, wherein the RNA is expressed from said DNA construct.
 24. The composition of claim 21 comprising a host cell, wherein the RNA is expressed inside said host cell.
 25. A transgenic plant, or reproductive or propagation material for a transgenic plant, or a cultured transgenic plant cell, which expresses or is capable of expressing an interfering RNA of claim
 1. 27. Seed produced from the transgenic plant of claim 25, wherein said seed comprises said interfering RNA.
 28. The transgenic plant of claim 25 wherein the transgenic plant or a cell thereof has previously been engineered to express a heterologous gene.
 29. The transgenic plant of claim 25 wherein the heterologous gene encodes a protein toxic to a plant pest species.
 30. The transgenic plant of claim 25 wherein the heterologous gene encodes a protein conferring herbicide resistance.
 31. Hybrid seed produced by crossing a first inbred plant with a second distinct inbred plant wherein at least one of the inbred plants is a transgenic plant of claim 25, and wherein the plant is chosen from rice, cotton, canola, sunflower, sorghum, pearl millet, corn, strawberries, soy, and seed crops including alfalfa, potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper and tobacco. 